A five-year-old in Manhattan was teaching himself BASIC on a Timex Sinclair while other kids were learning to read. By 25 he was unemployed, living off savings in San Francisco, spending nine months writing a protocol in his apartment during what he called his "starving artist period." That protocol grew to consume between 43 and 70 percent of all internet traffic on Earth.
He was named one of Time's 100 Most Influential People. Then he walked away from the company, founded a blockchain, and is still writing code at 50.
His name is Bram Cohen.
Here is the story.
Bram was born in 1975 in New York City and grew up on Manhattan's Upper West Side. His father was a computer scientist. He started programming at five. By ten he was writing code seriously. He graduated from Stuyvesant High School, one of the most competitive public schools in America. He attended the University at Buffalo and dropped out during the dot-com boom, bored out of his mind, as he later put it.
He worked at several tech companies through the late 1990s. The last was MojoNation, a startup that was building a decentralized file storage system. The project was ambitious and unstable. Bram saw something in the underlying idea, decentralized transfer, that he thought could work if you stripped away the complexity and solved one specific problem.
The problem was this. In 2001, downloading a large file from the internet was painfully slow because you were pulling it from a single source. If that source was overloaded, your download crawled. The more popular a file became, the slower it was to get. Popularity punished performance. Bram wanted to flip that.
In April 2001 he quit MojoNation and started writing BitTorrent alone in his apartment in San Francisco. The core idea was elegant. Instead of downloading a file from one server, you download pieces of it from many people who already have those pieces. The more people downloading the same file, the faster it gets for everyone. Popularity accelerates performance instead of destroying it.
He spent nine months writing it. He announced it at CodeCon in 2002, a developer conference he co-organized with his roommate Len Sassaman. To attract beta testers, he seeded the network with free content. The protocol spread.
Within a few years BitTorrent was the single largest source of internet traffic in the world. By 2004, one-third of all data flowing across the internet was BitTorrent traffic. By 2009 that number was estimated at 43 to 70 percent depending on the study. Linux distributions shipped via BitTorrent. Game studios distributed patches through it. Blizzard used it for World of Warcraft updates. Facebook used a BitTorrent-based system internally to deploy code across its servers.
In late 2003 Bram did a short stint at Valve Software helping build Steam, the digital distribution platform for Half-Life 2. In 2004 he left Valve and founded BitTorrent, Inc. with his brother Ross Cohen and business partner Ashwin Navin.
Time named him one of the 100 Most Influential People in the World in 2005. He won the MIT Technology Review TR35 award. He won the USENIX STUG Award.
Hollywood tried to stop him. The MPAA treated BitTorrent as synonymous with piracy. Bram maintained he had never violated copyright law using his own software. He was outspoken in his belief that the traditional media distribution model was doomed regardless of legal or technical countermeasures.
In August 2017 he left BitTorrent. The company was later acquired by TRON, a Chinese blockchain project. Bram had already moved on.
In 2017 he founded Chia Network to build what he considered a better blockchain. Chia replaces Bitcoin's energy-intensive proof of work with a system called proof of space and time, which uses unused hard drive storage instead of computation. He raised over $70 million from investors including Andreessen Horowitz. In January 2023 he stepped back from CEO to serve as Chairman and Chief Technology Officer. He is still there.
Bram is also one of the top-selling puzzle designers in the world. He is on the autism spectrum, something he has spoken about publicly. He is frequently accused of being Satoshi Nakamoto. He denies it.
A kid who was programming before he could read wrote a protocol alone in his apartment that consumed most of the internet's traffic for a decade.
He is still building.