Wat Tyler and the Great Rising of 1381
The summer of 1381 witnessed one of the most dramatic popular uprisings in English history: the Great Rising, later known as the Peasants’ Revolt. Sparked by resentment over repeated poll taxes and decades of economic pressure following the Black Death, the revolt began in late May when villagers in Fobbing, Essex, refused to pay the latest levy and drove off the king’s officials.
As unrest spread across the southeast, the rebels of Kent chose Wat Tyler as their leader on 7 June 1381. Under his command, thousands marched towards London in a coordinated movement that included not only peasants but also craftsmen, minor officials, and sympathetic clergy. Tyler’s discipline and charisma helped transform scattered riots into a formidable political force.
By 12 June, the rebels reached the capital. The following days saw dramatic scenes: the burning of John of Gaunt’s Savoy Palace, the storming of the Tower of London, and the execution of royal officials blamed for oppressive taxation. King Richard II, only fourteen years old, met the rebels at Mile End and promised reforms, but tensions remained high.
On 15 June, during a second meeting at Smithfield, Tyler presented sweeping demands, including the abolition of serfdom and the redistribution of church lands. A scuffle broke out, and Tyler was fatally wounded by the Lord Mayor of London, William Walworth. Leaderless, the movement collapsed, and royal forces quickly reasserted control.
Though the promises made to the rebels were revoked, the revolt left a lasting mark on English political consciousness. It exposed the fragility of the medieval social order and demonstrated, for the first time, the power of ordinary people to challenge the state.