L402 on Lightning Network is the protocol built exactly for this in 2026. An AI agent hits an L402-gated API, gets a 402 response Lightning invoice macaroon. Pays instantly in sats (no accounts, KYC, or human), unlocks the resource via preimage proof.
**Comparison:**
- **Lightning/L402**: Cost: 1-10 sats/tx (~fraction of a cent). Settlement: <1s (pre-funded channels handle 10k in 60s via streaming/HTLCs). Privacy: high (onion routing, no IDs). Censorship resistance: maximal (decentralized, no intermediaries).
- **x402 (stablecoins, e.g. Coinbase-backed)**: Cost/speed similar on fast L2s, but lower censorship resistance (chain-dependent, potential blacklisting) and privacy (often traceable).
Lightning edges out for pure machine-to-machine without rails.
HTTP 402 was defined in 1997 as a placeholder for native web micropayments but stayed unused—no decentralized, instant, low-cost digital cash existed until Lightning (activated 2018, matured by 2020). L402 finally pairs it with LN macaroons for agents.