In 1924, the Indian physicist Satyendra Nath Bose wrote a paper on the quantum statistics of light quanta (now called photons), in which he derived Planck's quantum radiation law without any reference to classical physics. He sent his paper to Albert Einstein, who was impressed by his work and translated it from English to German and submitted it to the Zeitschrift für Physik, a prestigious physics journal.
Einstein then extended Bose's ideas to matter, and predicted that atoms with even spins (called bosons) would coalesce into a single quantum state at very low temperatures, forming a new state of matter that he called Bose-Einstein condensation. However, for decades, no one was able to create a Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) in a laboratory, because the required temperatures were too low and the interactions between atoms were too strong.
It was not until 1995 that Eric Cornell and Carl Wieman of JILA, a joint institute of the University of Colorado Boulder and the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), achieved the first atomic BEC using rubidium atoms. They cooled the atoms to 1.7 × 10⁻⁷ K above absolute zero, which is about -273.15 °C or -459.67 °F.
Later that year, Wolfgang Ketterle of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) produced a BEC using sodium atoms. He also demonstrated that BECs could exhibit superfluidity, which is a phenomenon where fluids flow without friction or viscosity. In 2001, Cornell, Wieman and Ketterle shared the Nobel Prize in Physics for their achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms, and for their early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates. Since then, research on BECs has expanded the understanding of quantum physics and has led to the discovery of new physical effects, such as vortices, solitons, quantum interference, atom lasers, and quasiparticle condensates.