Detail of the Martyrdom of St. Bartholomew, from the miniatures of the House of Anjou of Hungary, 1325-1335 AD.
Bartholomew was just one of many Christian martyrs who suffered a gruesome demise. St. Lawrence was roasted alive on a grill over hot coals. St. Euphemia was fed to lions and bears. St. Castulus was buried alive. Martyrdom was a badge of honor for these Christian saints because their suffering brought them closer to Christ.
According to the Golden Legend, written by Jacobus during 13th Century AD, Bartholomew earned his grisly martyrdom for converting a king in India/Persia/Armenia. Αs one of Christ’s apostles, Bartholomew traveled the world spreading the message of Christianity.
On his trip, Bartholomew cast out several demons, convincing King Polemius to convert to Christianity. Bartholomew’s religious mission enraged the king’s brother, who ordered the apostle’s end. Text explained how the angry brother ripped Bartholemew’s clothes off, ordered him beaten and commanded that his underlings flay the apostle alive.
The story of St. Bartholomew appeared in many texts. One, by St. Theodore Studita who wrote in the 11th Century AD, used an animal metaphor to describe the saint’s death. “After he had to be in such great and intolerable pain,” Theodore explained, “he had been played by the wicked [one], in the manner of a leather bag.”
According to St. Dorotheus said Bartholomew was not flayed but instead perished from an upside-down crucifixion. Ambrose and St. Theodore recorded that Bartholomew was flayed, but Theodore claims the story happened in Albania, and that the saint had his head removed after being flayed. Other sources only the latter punishment took place say.
Most images of Bartholomew’s martyrdom focus on the flaying, often dwelling on the moment when the saint’s skin is first pulled back from his muscle. But some include his head being removed. Another illumination from 14th Century AD, shows the saint’s flaying on one side of the page and his head removal on the other. In the latter image, flayed saint wears his skin around his neck like a cloak.
The sacrifice of Christian martyrs links them to Christ, who demonstrated his religious faith by accepting suffering. Jesus was the first Christian martyr. And by suffering for their faith, later martyrs, including Bartholomew, sacrificed themselves like Christ.
Morgan Library & Museum
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