In the 1920s archaeologists began uncovering vast caches of skeletons along the west coast of Peru near Paracas - and among them were some of the most dramatically elongated skulls ever found on Earth. Since those initial discoveries, countless more have been recovered across Peru and Bolivia, ranging in age from approximately 1000 to 3000 years old. The mainstream explanation is swift and consistent - cradle head boarding, the practice of binding an infant's skull to artificially elongate it over time. Nothing to see here.
Derek Olson accepts that cradle head boarding existed and was widespread - that is not in dispute. What he argues is that in Peru specifically, two distinct phenomena are present simultaneously and are being conflated. There are artificially modified skulls produced by head boarding - and Derek’s interpretation of why that practice was so prevalent is itself significant. He believes the artificial modification was an attempt by ordinary ancient humans to emulate a hybrid ruling elite whose skulls were naturally elongated - not artificially produced but biologically distinct. The head boarding tradition, in this framework, was not the origin of the elongated skull phenomenon. It was a cultural response to it - ordinary people reshaping their children's skulls to resemble the appearance of the beings at the top of their social hierarchy.