In its short order list today, the Supreme Court including something stunning. They have agreed to hear the case of Kian v. Florida in the fall, which is about the constitutionality of juries of less than 12 people.
Kian was convicted of practicing medicine without a license by a 6-person jury, as allowed by Florida law for non-death penalty cases. 44 states require 12-person juries, so Florida is an outlier (with Arizona, Connecticut, Indiana, Massachusetts, and Utah).
In Williams v. Florida (1970), the Supreme Court upheld this Florida 6-person jury law over the dissents of Justices Thurgood Marshall and John Marshall Harlan. Justice Marshall curtly said that anyone going to prison for the rest of their life should get a 12-person jury. Justice Harlan noted that federal cases get 12-person juries and state juries should be no less.
Kian, in his petition, directly asked the Supreme Court to overturn the Williams precedent from 1970. For their part, Florida first didn't even respond and then when ordered to by the Court, warned that reversing Williams could overturn 5,000 convictions in the state.
In 2022, Justices Kavanaugh and Gorsuch dissented from the Court's refusal to hear a challenge to Arizona's 8-person jury law. Kavanaugh did not explain his dissent, but Justice Gorsuch laid out his argument that the original meaning of juries at the Founding was 12, not 8. Gorsuch wrote in 2022: "Williams was wrong the day it was decided, it remains wrong today, and it impairs both the integrity of the American criminal justice system and the liberties of those who come before our Nation’s courts."
In 2024, Justice Gorsuch dissented alone from a denial of another case, Cunningham v. Florida. He wrote that 6-member juries depart from the original meaning of the Constitution - juries at the Founding meant 12, not 6. Gorsuch wrote in 2024: "If there are not yet four votes on this Court to take up the question whether Williams should be overturned, I can only hope that someday there will be."
That the Court will hear the case shows that now at least 4 justices want to hear the case. It will take 5 justices to overrule Williams.
Also worth noting: Kian has no fancy law firm representing him. He filed a pauperis form asking that court filing fees be waived and is represented by a public defender. The case seems to have been missed by everyone until now - no amicus briefs were filed by any other organizations urging that the case be heard. (That will certainly change by when it's argued in the fall.) But someone - or 4 someones - on the Supreme Court picked it out of the thousands of appeals they get and decided to take it up as one of less than 100 cases they'll hear next term.