Everyone compares L2s on TPS numbers and gas fees.
Almost nobody compares them on the thing that actually matters when something goes wrong:
How do you get your money out?
Because every scaling solution makes a different promise about speed, security, and data availability.
2/ There are three major approaches to Ethereum scaling today:
→ Optimistic Rollups
→ ZK-Rollups
→ Validiums
They aren't just different ways to process transactions faster.
They make fundamentally different trade-offs about how state is verified, how data is stored, and how users exit the network.
Let's break them down.
3/ Optimistic Rollups (Arbitrum, Optimism, Base)
Assume transactions are valid by default.
Transaction data is posted on Ethereum, and anyone can challenge an invalid state transition by submitting a fraud proof.
The trade-off:
Canonical withdrawals from L2 → Ethereum typically take ~7 days.
That's not a bug. It's the security model.
The network needs time to detect and challenge fraud.