SESORS combines two ideas:
SERS = boosts weak Raman signals using gold nanoparticles.
SORS = collects Raman signals from deeper layers by measuring light at an offset from the laser entry point.
Together, this lets them pull chemical signals from beneath a surface barrier like skull bone.
The researchers then made a brain-tissue mimic using agarose gel, added gold nanoparticles, then added neurochemicals. A cat skull fragment was placed in front of the gel to test whether the signal could still be detected through bone.