Footnotes:
[ More easily read via the Medium post here
abraham-murray.medium.com/th… ]
[1] High school dropout. Ran fishing boats, worked on factory lines in the family mussel farm / business, then got some degrees and shipped a ton of code. I can do just about anything badly. Coding since 11, trained in computer engineering and business, built electronic warfare and sigint systems for UAVs, around for the early Android days. Then the Google Research product team across the AlexNet-to-Transformers years. Then Verily, where I learned how slow the physical world is when you actually try to ship atoms and change behavior. (Intransigent institutions love the status quo.) I have been working on AI since it was called statistics. I still build. But mostly I deploy capital now, turning sci-fi into sci-fact.
[2] Paul Berg, one of the Asilomar organizers, revisited it in Nature in 2008 (“Asilomar 1975: DNA modification secured,” 455, 290–291). He frames the meeting as a triumph of scientific self-governance and asks whether the same approach could settle today’s controversies. My reading is less flattering to the precaution: the feared scenarios never materialized, the biology did not behave the way the worriers expected, and the guidelines were progressively relaxed over the following years as that became clear. We scared ourselves, we paused, we learned we had been wrong, and we got back to work. Read it and judge for yourself.
[3] See The Progress Paradox, Numbers Don’t Lie, Factfulness, Blueprint. The pattern repeats across every technology and every century. My Oma was forbidden to read novels because they would ruin her mind. People should read more history.
[4] The Biden AI executive order (EO 14110, October 2023) set up compute-threshold reporting that functioned like a soft licensing regime. Senators on both sides floated harder versions. We dodged the full thing by political accident.
[5] The fear of the corporation as an uncontrollable superhuman entity is as old as the corporation. The Dutch East India Company (1602), the first joint-stock megacorp, minted money, raised armies, and waged war, and contemporaries feared a private company had outgrown the state. Jefferson, in an 1816 letter to George Logan, hoped to crush “in its birth the aristocracy of our moneyed corporations, which dare already to challenge our government to a trial of strength and bid defiance to the laws of our country.” By the Gilded Age the fear had a sharper edge: Standard Oil and the railroad trusts would lock in permanent monopoly and a dependent working class with no way up. Reasonable fear. The Sherman Antitrust Act (1890) answered it, and the structure I describe in this section, an ecosystem that contains its monsters, is exactly what did the work. Superhuman optimizer emerges, society panics, institutions adapt. The pattern is the whole essay in miniature.
[6] The fast-takeoff scenario, one model races ahead and someone bad seizes it, is corporate concentration in new clothes. Antitrust exists for exactly this. The Sherman Act broke up Standard Oil in 1911. It breaks up an AI monopoly the same way if it has to. The mechanism is not new.
[7] Robin Hanson has, now and then. The Age of Em (2016) and The Elephant in the Brain (2018, with Kevin Simler). Underrated modern economist.
[8] Naval Ravikant. The Almanack of Naval Ravikant, compiled by Eric Jorgenson.
HumanProgress.org and
tenglobaltrends.org. Tupy and Pooley, Superabundance (2022). Steven Pinker, Enlightenment Now (2018). Bryan Caplan, Build, Baby, Build (2024). Hanson’s GMU colleague. The pro-markets case made through the cleanest example we have: housing regulation is the largest unforced error in the developed world. The broader corpus is excellent too. Read him. Peter Diamandis, Abundance (2012). Older now, but still the cleanest statement of the case.
[9] Hans Rosling, Factfulness (2018). His TED talks, given before he died, are the best version of the case made by a non-economist.
[10] Hanson and Simler, The Elephant in the Brain. Most of what humans signal as virtue is status competition. Not a critique. Anthropology. And exactly what we will keep doing post-AGI.
[11] In fact, this fear keeps not happening. Every prior productivity shock, mechanization, electrification, computing, the internet, was supposed to cause mass unemployment. None did. The recent labor economics (Autor, Acemoglu, Restrepo, and others) keeps finding that automation tightens labor markets more than it loosens them: freed-up labor gets reabsorbed faster than the displacement lands, and complementary work grows faster than substituted work shrinks. Tech advances drive labor tightness, not recessions. The fear is older than the data. The data keeps winning.
[12] Robert Allen, “Engels’ pause: Technical change, capital accumulation, and inequality in the British industrial revolution,” Explorations in Economic History (2009). Friedrich Engels, watching Manchester. Not to be confused with Ernst Engel of Engel’s Law, the observation in the wage footnote below that the share of income spent on survival falls as people get richer. Two different Germans, both load-bearing here.
[13] The “real wages have been flat for decades” line traces to a specific and narrow measure: real average hourly cash wages, which have roughly held flat since the early 1980s, with most gains accruing to top earners (Pew Research, 2018). Three corrections. First, cash wages are a shrinking slice of pay: wages fell from about 73% of total compensation in 2000 to under 70% today as employer-paid benefits, mostly health insurance and retirement, grew. Total compensation per worker is up roughly 13% in real terms over the last decade alone, and even the Pew analysis concedes benefit costs rose 22.5% in real terms. Measuring only the cash slice while the benefit slice grows makes a raise look like stagnation. Second, broader measures rose substantially: real median household income climbed from $58,930 in 1984 to $80,610 in 2023, up 37%, and real median weekly earnings were about 19% higher in 2025 than in 1985 (Census Bureau, BLS). Third, and most important, dollars buy dramatically more than they used to, the time-price argument Tupy and Pooley make in Superabundance. The starkest illustration is housing: in 1956 a new home had a 34% chance of containing a range, 6% central air, and 0% a microwave; by 2024 those figures were 100%, 100%, and 85%. The nominal “house” is the same word for a radically better object. Two honest caveats: the lowest deciles gained real ground but more slowly than the middle and top, and the post-2020 inflation spike left real wages roughly flat across those five years specifically. The forty-year arc is still unambiguously up, on every measure except the one the pessimists choose.
[14] “The Law of Infinite Opportunities” is a frame I have been writing up publicly since around 2023, and sharpening ever since. It deserves its own article, but here is the core. Opportunity is not conserved. The number of valuable things a human can do is not fixed, and it is not shrinking. Every time technology removes a binding constraint, it opens a larger surface of possible projects than the one it closed. The mistake almost everyone makes is to treat the economy as a fixed list of jobs and ask which ones the machine will take. Wrong unit. A job is just a bundle of tasks at a moment in time. The right unit is the opportunity, the project worth doing, and that set expands with capability. When the camera automated the portrait painter, it did not shrink the world of images; it created photography, photojournalism, film, advertising, imaging sensors, computer vision, and a hundred industries the portrait painter could not have imagined. Old tasks die. New projects are born, and there are always more of them. This is why two centuries of automation kept raising employment and wages instead of producing the permanent idle underclass predicted at every step. Humans do not run out of things to want, build, fix, explore, or sell to each other. We are purpose-making machines. The deeper reading list: Andy McAfee on technology removing constraints, Tupy and Pooley’s Superabundance on resources getting cheaper in time-price terms as innovation compounds, and the long-run progress data in Factfulness and The Progress Paradox. The one-line version, if you only remember one thing: opportunity is not conserved.
[15] Of roughly 163 million employed Americans, only about one in eight, some 20 million people, works at keeping anyone alive: growing and distributing food, generating power, treating water, building basic shelter, providing acute medical care. Restaurants alone employ more people than agriculture, food manufacturing, grocery, and the entire energy sector combined. Measured against subsistence rather than middle-class expectation, roughly three-quarters of consumer spending and two-thirds of stock market value are likewise unrelated to survival. In 1870, half of all American workers farmed; the inversion of that ratio is not decadence but the definition of abundance. I built these numbers as napkin math: take the categories, decide which ones keep you fed, warm, housed, clothed, and alive, and add up the rest. Run it yourself with your own judgment calls; the headline barely moves. (Sources: BLS Current Employment Statistics, 2026; BEA NIPA Table 2.3.5, 2025; S&P 500 GICS weights, June 2026.)
[16] Caplan’s Build, Baby, Build on housing. Andreessen’s “It’s Time to Build” (2020) on why we stopped building physical things at all. Both essential.
[17] The pattern is consistent: when a society suppresses or turns away from technological and economic advance, it pays in stagnation or worse. Soviet Lysenkoism, the state imposing ideologically correct pseudoscience over actual genetics, set back agriculture and biology for a generation; Mao then ordered Chinese collective farms to adopt the same discredited methods, a direct contributor to the famine that followed. That famine, the Great Leap Forward (1959–1961), killed tens of millions, with scholarly estimates clustering around 30 to 45 million, the deadliest in recorded history. Ming China burned its treasure fleets and banned oceangoing trade in the 1430s, and Tokugawa Japan sealed itself off for two centuries; both turned inward exactly as Europe turned outward, and both fell behind badly enough that the gap was later closed at gunpoint. The cleanest modern case is the Korean peninsula: one people, one starting point in 1953, split into a building, trading South and a sealed-off North, now roughly a twentyfold divergence in income and visible from orbit as the line between light and darkness. None of these is the speculative tail. They already happened.
[18] Don’t fight me on the exact number, we can at least agree it is not a billion. Go backwards and many die. And because of how humans and human competition work, failing to go forward is the same as going backwards. The math is the agricultural transition itself: a hunter-gatherer band needs roughly fifteen square kilometers per person. A pre-industrial farming village supports about fifty people on one. Modern industrial agriculture supports five hundred on one, counting the whole system. Each step multiplied the carrying capacity of the same land by orders of magnitude. Take the technology away and the population collapses to what the land holds without it. See Kelly, The Lifeways of Hunter-Gatherers (2013) and Boserup, The Conditions of Agricultural Growth (1965).
[19] Marc Andreessen, “Why AI Will Save the World” (June 2023) and the “Little Tech” advocacy that followed. Both worth your time.
[20] The AI Doc: Or How I Became an Apocaloptimist (Focus Features, 2026), directed by Daniel Roher and Charlie Tyrell, the team behind Navalny and Everything Everywhere All at Once. Told through Roher’s eyes as a father-to-be trying to understand the world his child will inherit, it interviews the field’s biggest names, Altman, the Amodeis, Hassabis, Yudkowsky, Tristan Harris, Diamandis. Well made, well meaning, and a near-perfect artifact of the frame I am arguing against.
focusfeatures.com/the-ai-doc…
[21] “Fear is the mind-killer.” Frank Herbert, Dune. The Litany Against Fear. I use it unironically.
[22] The most debatable item, probably. Arguably they already are colleagues. The point I am making: we are not getting magical sentient machines that no longer need us. We are getting order-of-magnitude multipliers on our own productivity. They may look like virtual employees. But humans will still be minding the shop, in all kinds of ways.