I asked Grok to summarize the papers points which was quite helpful. Here are several: Developmental Gene Regulatory Networks (dGRNs): Hierarchical genomic control systems that specify spatial regulatory states during embryogenesis, determining body plan features (e.g., which cells become what parts of the organism). Hierarchy: dGRNs have layered subcircuits. Upper-level (early) subcircuits control major, conserved features of the body plan; lower-level (peripheral) parts control finer details and effector genes (e.g., those producing pigments or structures). Kernels: Highly conserved, ancient subcircuits at upper levels (e.g., those for heart progenitors across bilaterians). These are canalized—resistant to change—and explain phylogenetic patterns and long-term morphological stability. Boolean Logic Outputs: Upper dGRN subcircuits produce discrete (on/off, like Boolean logic) regulatory states rather than graded responses. These are stabilized by feedback loops, repression, and other design features, making them largely impervious to continuous small variations. Me: which is antithetical to neo-Darwinism.

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Research highlights 1/3 academic.oup.com/pcp/pages/r… “Dissecting early embryogenesis events in rice” by Tezuka et al. 💐doi.org/10.1093/pcp/pcaf171 ✏️Related commentary by Suzuki and Ueda 💐doi.org/10.1093/pcp/pcag029

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The essential role of a single PEPCK isoform is presented as a target for disrupting #tick embryogenesis dlvr.it/TT2Tjw Ticks&TBD

A rare developmental error during embryogenesis led to this unusual appearance.😳 Can you identify the diagnosis?

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Piebaldism Piebaldism is a rare autosomal dominant disorder caused most commonly by mutations in the KIT gene, resulting in defective melanocyte migration during embryogenesis. It presents at birth with a white forelock (poliosis) and sharply demarcated, symmetric depigmented patches that remain stable throughout life. Islands of normal or hyperpigmented skin within the white patches are characteristic. Unlike Vitiligo, piebaldism is congenital and non-progressive. The main differential diagnosis is Waardenburg syndrome, which is associated with hearing loss, heterochromia iridis, and dystopia canthorum. White forelock congenital stable depigmented patches = Piebaldism.

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VSD is the commonest congenital heart disease, caused by incomplete formation of the interventricular septum during embryogenesis. Types include: •Perimembranous •Muscular •Inlet, and •Outlet (supracristal) defects. It is associated with Down syndrome, trisomy 13/18, fetal alcohol exposure, and congenital rubella. Most small muscular and many perimembranous VSDs close spontaneously through septal growth and tricuspid tissue proliferation. Clinical pearl: a louder murmur often reflects a smaller restrictive defect, while a large nonrestrictive VSD may produce surprisingly little noise. Imagine two rooms separated by a wall with a hole. A very large hole lets people move through quietly. But a small doorway creates crowding, squeezing, and more noise as people pass through. That is what happens in many healing VSDs. The hole becomes smaller, blood moves faster, and the murmur gets louder even though the defect is becoming less significant. The louder the murmur, the better. I'm Dr. Yonni. I break down complex stuff for easy understanding ✌🏽

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I will agree that it is a little over simplified but sorry, we do have gills during embryogenesis, and evolution doesn’t go backwards and correct for the structural changes that occurred later in the development during the development of an individual.

IKR? Certainty, the least understood aspect of Evolution is Abiogenesis, but we know something like that had to happen, somewhere at sometime, whether it was here 🌍 or through panspermia from somewhere else. There is a plethora of evidence for the evolution of the genetic code; and mitochondria and chloroplasts today, have slightly different codes, which lead us to suspect that they were at one time, a separate organism living in symbiosis with the outer cell, maybe even from an independent abiogenesis event itself, although we aren’t sure of that. Many scientists postulate that abiogenesis of life itself, was not as rare as one of the other events that occurred: the Great Oxidation Event, 2.4 Billion years ago, when protochlorophyll evolved and allowed for the direct conversion of electromagnetic energy into chemical energy. This seems to be the rarest event in Evolutionary History, and started giving off molecular oxygen as a byproduct. Molecular Oxygen changed everything as it built up in the atmosphere bc oxygen is such an electron thief , and the selection pressure to deal with the toxicity of molecular oxygen was a real problem, but the combustion of glucose using oxygen (theoretically) gives off 19x the energy anaerobic combustion and fermentation. The extra energy was a huge advantage, and allowed for the energy funding which resulted into what is known as “the darn reaction of photosynthesis,” aka, the Calvin Cycle in chloroplasts, to reduce CO2 and water into a 3 Carbon carbohydrate called Glyceraldehyde 3 Phosphate. Later, bc of problems at low temperature and shade, a path known as C4 fixation (called The Hatch-Slack Cycle) where the 4 carbon carbohydrates Oxaloacetate & Malate are produced, evolved. In the desert 🌵, a pathway evolved to deal with water loss in arid conditions from respiration (using oxygen for glucose production, resulted in a pathways called CAM (Crassulacean Acid Metabolism,) and this allowed for a complete separation of photosynthesis and respiration to minimize water loss, as CAM plants photosynthesize during the day, but respire at night, whereas the Calvin and Hatch-Slack cycles require photosynthesis and respiration to occur at the same time. This is the kind of stuff we know bc this is how science works. We figure out something and work backwards. We look at what the inefficiencies are in different climates and we figure out how Evolution, not God, figured out a way to deal with a way that works. It’s not always the best most efficient way. And it almost always agrees across specialties and fields, unless another process is involved. And it’s always based on the previous changes bc ONTOGENY RECAPITULATES PHYLOGENY: the development of the individual undergoes & retraces the same added steps in the process as the development of the species itself (during embryogenesis.)

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