Hebron, Road 60, and the Unmaking of Oslo: Israelās Accelerating Drive Toward Annexation
Israeli Finance Minister Bezalel Smotrichās decision to revoke key provisions of the 1997 Hebron Protocol marks another significant step in the erosion of the Oslo framework that has governed relations between Israel and the Palestinians for nearly three decades. By transferring planning, construction and administrative powers from the Hebron Municipality to Israeli authorities, the move places even greater portions of the occupied city under direct Israeli control.
The Hebron Protocol divided the city into H1 and H2 sectors, establishing a fragile arrangement intended to balance Palestinian self-administration with Israeli security concerns. Smotrichās announcement effectively dismantles parts of that arrangement, including authorities linked to urban planning and the area surrounding the Ibrahimi Mosque, one of the most sensitive religious sites in the occupied West Bank.
The decision comes amid a broader transformation of the territory. Parallel to the changes in Hebron, Israel continues expanding Highway 60, the strategic north-south artery connecting settlements throughout the West Bank. Palestinian officials and rights groups argue that the project is not merely a transportation initiative but a territorial re-engineering programme designed to integrate settlements, fragment Palestinian communities and facilitate future annexation.
The expansion involves extensive land confiscations, demolition orders, bypass roads and new infrastructure linking settlement blocs around Jerusalem, Hebron, Ramallah, Nablus and Salfit. Palestinian villages face the loss of agricultural land, increased restrictions on movement and growing geographic isolation as settlement corridors expand.
Taken together, the cancellation of elements of the Hebron Protocol and the continued development of Highway 60 point toward a wider strategy aimed at replacing temporary occupation arrangements with a more permanent system of control. What was once presented as an interim framework pending a negotiated settlement increasingly appears to be giving way to facts created on the ground.
These measures represent not isolated administrative decisions but part of a long-term project to consolidate Israeli authority across large parts of the occupied West Bank, reducing the space available for Palestinian self-governance while further undermining the prospects for a viable and contiguous Palestinian state.
Epiphonema (Informative Note)
On 18 September 2024, the
@UN General Assembly overwhelmingly adopted a resolution (
news.un.org/en/story/2024/09ā¦) demanding that
@Israel ābrings to an end without delay its unlawful presenceā in the Occupied Palestinian Territory within 12 months. The resolutionāgrounded in the International Court of Justiceās (ICJ) advisory opinion of July 2024ādeclares Israelās occupation, the proliferation of settlements, and resource exploitation illegal under international law and calls for reparations. It commands not just Israel but also obliges all UN member states to refrain from sustaining this illegal status quo.
That deadline has now passed. Israel has defied the General Assembly, ignored the Court, and intensified its crimes. The Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, and Israel has now concluded that Israelās actions constitute a genocide. In the face of this grave reality, the international community must commit ā not to rhetoric, but to action.
Al-Aqsa Under Siege: The Assault on Custodianship, Identity, and International Law
The reported emptying of four Islamic Waqf facilities inside the Al-Aqsa Mosque compound marks far more than an administrative dispute over office space. It represents another step in a broader campaign aimed at weakening the institutional structures that have safeguarded one of Islamās holiest sites for generations. According to Palestinian monitors, Israeli authorities targeted facilities located across different sections of the compound, citing security justifications while preventing their normal use and administration.
Viewed in isolation, the closure of offices may appear minor. Viewed within the wider context of developments in occupied East Jerusalem, however, it assumes a far more troubling significance. Over recent years, Palestinians, Jordanian officials, religious authorities, and numerous international observers have repeatedly warned that measures once considered exceptional are increasingly becoming permanent features of governance around Al-Aqsa. Restrictions on worshippers, repeated incursions by settlers and political figures, proposals to alter access arrangements, challenges to the authority of the Islamic Waqf, and discussions regarding alternative administrative structures have combined to create the perception of a sustained effort to transform the status quo governing the compound.
The Islamic Waqf is not merely a bureaucratic institution. It is the custodian of centuries of religious, cultural, and historical continuity in Jerusalem. The Jordanian-backed body administers one of the most sensitive religious sites on earth and plays a central role in maintaining the delicate arrangements that have helped prevent the cityās competing national and religious claims from descending into even greater confrontation. Undermining its authority therefore carries consequences extending far beyond the walls of the mosque compound itself.
What makes the latest developments particularly alarming is their apparent connection to broader political discussions concerning the future administration of Al-Aqsa. Reports indicating that alternative governance structures are being explored have intensified fears that the gradual erosion of Waqf authority is not accidental but strategic. Whether such plans ultimately materialise or not, the perception among Palestinians that their religious institutions are being systematically sidelined is itself profoundly destabilising: trust, once lost in a place as sensitive as Jerusalem, is extraordinarily difficult to restore.
The issue is not only political but also legal and diplomatic. East Jerusalem remains occupied territory under international law, and the status of its holy places has long been regarded as a matter of international concern. Any unilateral attempt to alter established arrangements risks deepening tensions not only between Israelis and Palestinians but across the wider region. Al-Aqsa is not a local shrine. It is a site revered by hundreds of millions of Muslims worldwide. Actions perceived as threatening its identity or administration inevitably resonate far beyond Jerusalem.
The repeated invocation of security concerns has also become increasingly controversial: when security arguments are used to justify measures that consistently weaken one sideās religious, cultural, or institutional presence, critics inevitably question whether security is the true objective or merely the language through which broader political goals are pursued. The closure of Waqf facilities, the restriction of administrative functions, and the targeting of longstanding religious institutions risk reinforcing precisely those suspicions.
History offers numerous warnings about attempts to reshape sacred spaces through unilateral power. Holy sites derive their significance not only from stone and architecture but from the communities, traditions, and institutions that sustain them. When those institutions are weakened or displaced, the result is often not stability but deeper conflict. Jerusalemās history is filled with examples demonstrating that efforts to impose exclusive control over shared sacred spaces rarely produce peace; they instead generate resistance, resentment, and enduring instability.
For this reason, the sidelining of Waqf facilities should be viewed as more than a local administrative measure. It is part of a larger struggle over sovereignty, identity, memory, and legitimacy in one of the most contested cities on earth. If the current trajectory continues, the world may soon witness not merely a dispute over offices within Al-Aqsa, but a fundamental challenge to the religious and historical framework that has governed the compound for decades. Such a course would carry consequences extending far beyond Jerusalem, threatening to transform one of humanityās most sacred sites into yet another arena of escalating political confrontation.