Political Reform in Ancient China
The story can be traced back to the Wei–Jin period (c. 280 CE, Luoyang and Jiankang). Although the Western and Eastern Jin dynasties formally retained imperial rule, real political power had already fallen into the hands of aristocratic gentry families. Prominent clans such as the Wang family of Langya and the Xie family of Chen Commandery dominated high office and policymaking in the court at Jiankang (present-day Nanjing). The “Nine-Rank System of Appointments” nominally evaluated talent through local “Appraisal Officers,” but in practice it relied almost entirely on family background and hereditary status. During a court debate, the official Liu Yi (recorded in Book of Jin, Biography of Liu Yi) bluntly stated: “In the highest ranks there are no men of humble origin; in the lowest ranks there are no noble families.” This statement reveals the essence of the system at the time: political power had become rigidly fixed through lineage, forming a highly hereditary aristocratic structure.