During the Tang dynasty, especially the Zhenguan era (627–649 CE, Taiji Hall in Chang’an), the system entered a phase of adjustment and balance. Emperor Taizong of Tang (Li Shimin) and his chancellor Wei Zheng debated the question of talent selection. Wei Zheng argued that “the rise and fall of a state depends on how it employs people,” advocating broader recruitment through the examination system so that men of humble origin could enter officialdom. However, members of the aristocratic elite still questioned the reliability of examination-based selection, arguing that lineage remained a better indicator of governing ability. In response, Emperor Taizong adopted a pragmatic compromise, maintaining both hereditary recommendations and examinations in parallel. This period can thus be understood as a transitional coexistence between the old aristocratic order and the emerging bureaucratic system.
The system then underwent a dramatic acceleration during the reign of Empress Wu Zetian (701–705 CE, the twin capitals of Chang’an and Luoyang). Around the first year of the Chang’an era (701 CE), she significantly expanded the scale of the “Jinshi” examinations and promoted large numbers of officials from non-aristocratic backgrounds, weakening the influence of hereditary elites. According to the Old Book of Tang and the New Book of Tang, Treatise on Selection and Appointment, aristocratic officials widely opposed this expansion, arguing that examination-based selection could not replace the political competence of established families. However, Wu Zetian’s core objective was to construct a new bureaucratic system independent of any aristocratic lineage, thereby enabling the imperial throne to directly control the supply of officials. This period marked the accelerated disintegration of aristocratic political dominance.
The conflict reached its peak in the mid-Tang period (820–846 CE, Chang’an, during the Niu–Li Factional Struggles). In the court of Emperor Wenzong, two major political factions emerged. The group led by Niu Sengru represented the examination-based bureaucrats, advocating that officials should be selected entirely through the Jinshi examinations and emphasizing practical governance. In contrast, the faction led by Li Deyu, associated with traditional elite networks, argued that aristocratic lineage remained essential for political competence and questioned the governing ability of examination graduates. The Zizhi Tongjian (vols. 243–249) records that this prolonged conflict was not merely policy disagreement, but fundamentally a struggle over the legitimacy of governance itself—whether state authority should be grounded in hereditary status or examination-based merit. Eventually, political power gradually shifted toward the examination bureaucracy, and aristocratic politics lost its dominant position.