A ferrite bead can be modeled with inductance (L0), resistance (R0), and parasitic capacitance (C0). R0 includes both DC and AC resistance, with AC resistance varying with frequency. The impedance consists of resistance (R) and reactance (X).
At low frequencies (below 1 MHz), AC resistance is very small, and impedance is low, formed by inductive reactance and DC resistance.
At mid-low frequencies (1 MHz to tens of MHz), AC losses gradually increase and exceed DC losses. However, R0 remains relatively small overall, while inductive reactance (ωL0) increases and becomes the main factor affecting impedance.
At mid-high frequencies (tens to hundreds of MHz), AC losses increase rapidly, making resistance the dominant component. Meanwhile, capacitive reactance (1/ωC0) decreases and offsets inductive reactance (ωL0), causing reactance to decrease and reach zero at the self-resonant frequency.
At high frequencies (above several hundred MHz), AC losses gradually decrease, leading to a reduction in total impedance.
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