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No discussion on the Unit System of warship design is complete without a brief overview of the unique system pursued by the United States Navy. The typical Unit System was built on superior battle damage resistance through increased redundancy. One Unit could be knocked out while the other Unit(s) could function independently. The Unit System developed by the United States Navy would actually utilize part of the system as it's own defensive layer! The US Navy placed the machinery rooms that held the turbines (as well as the generators for the turbo-electric ships) on the centerline. The boiler rooms were then placed outboard of the machinery rooms. There were two major advantages to this system. Firstly, there were more boilers than turbines on the ships, allowing them to be somewhat more expendable. The South Dakota class had twelve boilers while the Lexington Class had as many as sixteen boilers. However, both designs only had four turbines. They could afford to lose a boiler or two at the cost of protecting one of the more valuable turbines. Secondly, this greatly increased the internal subdivision of the ship.This would greatly diminish the risk of flooding, giving the designs far better opportunity to absorb battle damage and remain in action. This system would first be utilized on the Tennessee class battleships and would become standard over subsequent designs, including the South Dakota class battleships (of 1920 design) and the Lexington class battlecruisers, the layouts of which can be seen below. It's worth pointing out that these were turbo-electric warships. The boilers supplied steam to turbines, but the turbines spun generators that provided electrical power to motors to drive the shafts. While it was possible to still potentially knock out a turbine on these warships, an ability of the turbo-electric ships was that the turbines/generators could supply electricity to any of the the motors. So all four motors could still be run so long as one turbine/generator was still operational. The weakest part of the system was that the electric motors themselves were located in closer proximity to each other at the stern, somewhat undermining the unit system. However, this was allowed as it was a weight savings measure (reduced length of the shafts among other benefits). The United States would have to abandon this system during the interwar years due to tonnage and size restrictions. However, as these restrictions eased, the system was resurrected for use aboard the Montana class battleships and Midway class aircraft carriers. Here, the system was revised for these non-turbo-electric, conventionally powered warships. The inner turbines were relocated to the machinery spaces inboard of the boiler rooms. This made it far more likely that two of the turbines were extremely well protected, making it likely the ship could maintain power even when suffering significant damage. In addition, most of the turbo-generators were relocated to these machinery spaces, giving an extra level of protection. Overall, this was likely the most efficient machinery layout among the warships in service at the time from a purely protective standpoint. This gave the American warships that used it a level of protection that surpassed the typical Unit systems employed elsewhere. An overlooked advantage, but one that is quite considerable. Photos: 1 - Finalized design of South Dakota class battleship. Courtesy of Springstyles Book #1. 2 - Lexington class carrier. Booklet of General Plans. 3 - Montana Class Battleship. Drawn by A.L. Raven and scanned from US Battleships: An Illustrated Design History by Norman Friedman.

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