Antes de empezar a usarse la huella dactilar, Bertilon, un policía francés usaba las medidas antropometricas para identificar a los detenidos Alphonse Bertillon - Wikipedia, la enciclopedia libre share.google/bl24adrs1CSfi9F…

You should check 'Une enquête du lieutenant Bertillon', but idk if it has been published in English!

Alphonse Bertillon, the man credited with pioneering the mugshot, captured this self-portrait in 1913. While photographing suspects and documenting crime scenes is routine today, it was a groundbreaking innovation in the 19th century.

1902 : première affaire dans laquelle un criminel est démasqué grâce au relevé d’empreintes digitales (études d’Alphonse Bertillon)

在指纹识别技术出现之前，警察是怎么辨别罪犯身份的？ 他们会测量嫌疑人十几处身体部位，包括耳朵长度、鼻子长度、头围、身高、坐高、手臂长度……甚至还要记录眼睛颜色和疤痕。 曾经风靡欧美的“人体测量法”叫贝蒂荣测量法（Bertillon系统） 由法国人类学家阿尔方斯·贝蒂荣在1879年发明，曾是欧美警察局的标准身份识别手段。 它通过精确测量人体多个部位并配合照片，建立嫌疑人档案。19世纪末，美国纽约、费城、波士顿等10多个城市都在使用。 但这个系统有个致命漏洞： 1903年，监狱里关进了两个长得几乎一模一样的犯人，Will West 和 William West。他们的贝蒂荣测量数据也几乎完全相同！直到比对指纹，才发现他们是不同的人。 这起著名案件直接推动了指纹识别成为标准方法，贝蒂荣系统从此退出历史舞台。 科技的迭代，有意思吧🔍✨

Experts Are Here on Finger Prints Atlanta Constitution Thursday, May 22nd, 1913 Two Investigators Are Added to Wm. J. Burns' Forces Already in Atlanta—P. A. Flak in City. The William J. Burns forces in the investigation of the Mary Phagan mystery have been reinforced by two expert investigators who recently arrived in the city and are assisting Chief C. W. Tobie in his work. Their identity is being withheld. Both began work Wednesday. One is a noted handwriting and finger print expert, and his first object was to examine the notes found beside the girl's body and to obtain finger prints at and around the scene of discovery. Chief Tobie visited the negro night watchman, Newt Lee, in the Tower Wednesday morning for an hours' interview. Although he will not state positively his views, the impression is gained that he believes the negro innocent, in both the actual murder and as an accessory either before or after the crime. Finger Print Expert Engaged. P. A. Flak, one of New York's most successful finger print experts, has been retained by Solicitor General Dorsey to examine prints found upon the victim's clothing and on the notes written by her slayer. Flak was brought to Atlanta by the Georgia State Banker' association, the convention of which recently was held in Macon. He and the solicitor visited the pencil factory Wednesday afternoon. Later they visited the jail, where, it is said, they secured finger prints from both suspects, Frank, the plant superintendent, and the negro watchman. They spent practically the entire day together. Headquarter's detectives Wednesday put Gordon Bailey, the negro eleveator boy of the pencil factory, through a grueling interrogation. He has been under arrest for three weeks, but Wednesday's questioning was the most thorough examination to which he has yet been subjected. Nothing of significance was gained from him. Believing that the missing mesh bag which Mary Phagan carried to the factory on the day of her disappearance holds a clue more important than any yet developed, Pinkerton men and police detectives are directing much of their efforts to the search for the lost bag. Harry Scott, assistant superintendent of the Atlanta branch of Pinkertons, said Wednesday that he predicted the unearthing of convincing evidence in the finding of the article. Where is the Bag? There whereabouts of the bag are as mysterious as any phase of the case. Every nook and corner of the factory building has been raked as though with a fine-tooth comb. The outside premises have been scoured, and the basement sawdust has been sifted. It has been advanced that it was burned in the cellar furnace. Detectives also have been assigned to hunt the woman who is said by Mrs. A. A. Smith to have remarked on Whitehall street several days ago that she was with Mary Phagan at 4 o'clock on the afternoon of Memorial day. So far their efforts have been fruitless. Rumors come to police headquarters every day of the girl having been seen on the afternoon of her disappearance, but close investigation invariably proves them foundless. Tobie After New Witness. Chief C. W. Tobie, the William J. Burns agent, leaves Atlanta soon for a nearby city to find an intimate companion of Mary Phagan's, who was with her a short time before her disappearance on Memorial day. This man, whose identity is kept secret, left the city on the day of the murder, and his whereabouts have been a mystery until he was located by the detective. Tobie will not reveal the city in which he has located this new figure in the tragedy. He is presumed that he is in a south Georgia town, however. Neither will he tell his object in seeking an interview with him, other than that he was with the victim shortly before her death. It is intimated by the detective, though, that the man has valuable testimony, and that it was because of a desire to refrain from talking that he disappeared. Even his immediate family, it is said, are not aware of his location. The south's most famous Bertillon expert, L. J. Fletcher, who also is an authority on handwriting, has been employed by Solicitor Dorsey. Fletcher is attached to the federal prison, and is in charge of the Bertillon measurement department. He has been connected in that capacity with the government for a number of years, and has made a life study of crime and criminals. His work was begun Wednesday, when, with Expert Flak, who also has been retained by Dorsey, he and the solicitor visited the pencil factory to procure finger-print specimens, and the Tower, to get prints of the fingers of both suspects, Frank and Lee. * * *

Grand Jury Wont Hear Leo Frank or [Newt] Lee Atlanta Georgian Thursday, May 22nd, 1913 Understood That Cases Will Be Brought Separately, With One Accused as Accomplice. Solicitor General Hugh M. Dorsey announced Thursday afternoon that he was prepared to go before the Grand Jury Friday morning with his strongest evidence in the case of Leo M. Frank and Newt Lee, held in connection with the murder of Mary Phagan. Although Mr. Dorsey would not discuss the form in which the cases would be presented, it was reliably stated they would be heard separately and the charge against one would be that he was an accessory to the fact. Neither of the defendants will go before the jury. Mr. Dorsey said that in the event any move was made to introduce evidence for the defense he was prepared to block it. He said he had looked up Supreme Court decisions on this question, because when the Grand Jury was asked to indict Dr. W. H. Gillem for beating W. H. Johnson the jury in his absence had allowed Dr. Gillem to come before it, which, he said, was contrary to all law. Twelve to Govern Action. The opinion of 12 of the 21 jurymen will govern the action of the body. There can be no minority, said the Solicitor. If 12 of the men indict or decline to indict, the other jurors have to sign the "true" or "no bill" with the 12. Eighteen of the 21 constitute a quorum. The Solicitor said it would be impossible to present all the evidence in one day, and that it might be necessary to carry the investigation over into the next week. He said, however, that it was not improbable the strongest evidence he had would be presented the first day, and if the jury considered it sufficiently strong, it could return an indictment without hearing the other evidence. Gets Finger Print Evidence. He said for the last few days his case had been complete, with the exception of preparing the testimony accumulated and some later important facts brought out by finger-print and handwriting experts. Several witnesses, whose identity has been carefully guarded, would give evidence that no one outside of his office was aware of, said the Solicitor. C. W. Tobie, of the Burns Agency, stated Thursday afternoon that he was making the most satisfactory progress. He said it was only a question of a few more days when he would have the case in a definite, tangible shape. The Solicitor would not discuss the findings of P. A. Flak, the finger-print expert from New York, other than to say that nothing had developed from it that would make him contemplate a change in his plan to present the cases to the Grand Jury Friday. [It was said Thursday that C. W. Tobie, chief criminal investigator for the Burns detective agency, may leave Atlanta on the trail of a new and important witness, whose identity he is carefully guarding. The man is said to have been with the girl before she went to the pencil factory Memorial Day and to have left the city that day. The detective intimated that the man had not revealed himself because he did not care to be a witness. It was reported Thursday that P. A. Flak, noted finger-print expert working for Solicitor Dorsey in the Phagan investigation, had found evidence of the greatest importance that would be submitted to the Grand Jury when it takes up the case Friday. With the Solicitor and city detectives, the expert spent several hours Wednesday night minutely examining the clothing worn by the slain girl, the pad and pencil found in the basement and other articles that have been unearthed since the Solicitor took over the case. Several finger prints that had escaped observation were clearly brought out by the use of chemicals, it was said. — An excerpt from same article printed in the "Evening Edition," but not in the "Final" — Ed.] Burns Forces Augmented. The Burns forces have been augmented by a finger-print and handwriting expert and another detective. The three were closeted with the negro, Newt Lee, for more than an hour Wednesday. Neither would discuss the interview. L. J. Fletcher, Bertillon expert at the Federal prison, was drawn into the case by Solicitor Dorsey Wednesday. Mr. Fletcher is a handwriting expert as well. He has been connected with the Government for several years and has made an intimate study of criminology. He worked with Mr. Dorsey's expert, Flak, when he examined articles for finger prints at the Solicitor's office Wednesday night. Department and Pinkerton detectives are conducting a relentless search for the missing mesh bag Mary Phagan carried to the factory with her when she received her pay. If it is found they expect it to prove one of the most important bits of evidence for the State. City detectives have been assigned the task of locating the young woman... 100 Witnesses in Phagan Case Subpoenaed Grand Jury to Get Much Fingerprint Evidence When Slaying Is Taken Up Friday. Continued From Page 1. ...referred to in Mrs. A. A. Smith's letter to The Georgian. Mrs. Smith said she heard a young woman on Whitehall Street say she was with Mary Phagan at 4 o'clock Memorial Day afternoon. Many Subpoenas Served. Deputies at the Solicitor's office began Thursday morning serving the large batch of subpoenas for witnesses in the Phagan case to appear before the Grand Jury Friday morning at 10 o'clock. More than 100 were issued. The Solicitor would not say whether he would introduce all of them, but said he would have them in readiness. Several persons whose names have not appeared in connection with the case have been asked to testify. It became known also that expert testimony on handwriting and finger prints would play an important part in the hearing by the Grand Jury. No less than three famous finger-print and handwriting experts have been called into the case by Mr. Dorsey, and the arrival on the scene Wednesday of the best finger-print expert with the Burns agency established beyond any doubt that "finger prints" and "handwriting" would be strong cards to be played by the State. Tobie said Wednesday his actions have been misunderstood, and that criticism of his failure to work with the Atlanta detectives was due to a misapprehension. He explained his position in the following statement to The Georgian: "When I came here, I started to work independently, without asking any information from Atlanta detectives. I have been criticized, but I think the criticism was unjust. It was not egotism, but delicacy, that kept me from going to them. "They had been working on the case over three weeks. Then I came. Now, if I had gone to them and said, ‘Gentleman, please give me all the information you got in your three weeks' work,' don't you think that would require an unusual amount of nerve?" Denies He Made Criticism. "If I were working on a case, and after three weeks a detective from another place should come to me and ask for all my information, I would think he had lots of nerve. It was not egotism on my part—it simply required more nerve than I had. "I also have been criticized for criticizing the other men on the case. I have been reported as criticizing them for not looking into the foot prints and finger prints immediately after the murder. But I did not make that criticism. I said they had overlooked two good clews if they had passed up the finger prints and thumb prints, but I did not say they had passed them up. I still say two good clews were overlooked, providing the thumb prints and finger prints were not traced, but, mind you, I do not say they were not taken up. The fact is, I don't know to-day whether they were or not."

C'est dans les pays qui connaissent une dépression démographique que la fête des Mères a une importance patente, même si à l'origine l'idée de la fête des Mères n'est pas portée du tout par les natalistes. Elle émanait d'une femme américaine, Anna Jarvis, qui voulait exercer le voeu de sa mère qui voulait établir une journée de l'amitié pour les mères, dès 1876. Pour elle, Sa mère était un parangon de vertu qui chercha à améliorer la condition des femmes en faisant sourdre des clubs d'entraide ainsi que celle de leurs enfants avec les Sunday School qui avaient un but éducatif et sanitaire, dans une Amérique traumatisée par la guerre de Sécession. Beaucoup d'Etats américains avaient établi cette fête des Mères mais il a fallu attendre la présidence de Woodrow Wilson en 1914 pour que l'Etat fédéral la reconnaisse. C'est la Grande Guerre et la présence des soldats américains et d'organisations humanitaires américaines en Europe qui a fait germer cette fête en France, qui était alors gagnée par des obsessions natalistes, portées par l'Alliance nationale pour l'accroissement de la population française, créée en 1896 par Jacques Bertillon et popularisée par Emile Zola dans l'Aurore qui en fit partie. Cette association avait pour but de combler le déficit démographique que la France revanchiste avait avec l'Allemagne. En dehors des lois bismarckiennes de 1882, 1883 et de 1884 (celle de 1882, établissant l'assurance Maladie qui permit ENTRE AUTRES aux femmes enceintes d'obtenir un congé maternité payé bien que faiblement), la France fut la pionnière dans l'établissement d'une politique nataliste avec les lois Engerhand et Strauss en 1909 et 1913 érigées spécialement pour booster la natalité, qui avaient établi pour la 1ère, un congé sans soldes de plusieurs semaines pour permettre aux femmes d'accoucher et pour la 2nde, un congé pré natal sans solde facultatif et un congé post natal obligatoire mais payé (faiblement). Bref, Aristide Briant, dernier président du conseil lors du cartel des gauches (1924-1926) après Edouard Herriot et Paul Painlevé, donna à la fête des mères, qui fut déjà fêtée au niveau locale une reconnaissance nationale. A l'époque, le cartel des gauches soutenait une politique nataliste et les mères de plus de 3 enfants étaient bien mises en avant. Le régime de Vichy donna ensuite à cette fête une importance considérable en en faisant une célébration quasi-liturgique.

May 1913 Phagan Girls Body Again Exhumed for Finger-Print Clews Atlanta Georgian Wednesday, May 7th, 1913 Third Time Unfortunate Victim's Remains Have Been Exhumed—Dorsey Says Officials Are Not Looking for Finger Prints, but Other Clews. The body of Mary Phagan was exhumed early Wednesday for the second time in two days. The unofficial explanation is that the exhumation is made for the purpose of making a microscopic and minute examination of every wound on the body for finger prints and other clews as well. Solicitor Dorsey let it be known that the police are not working on the idea that the finger prints would be helpful in solving the mystery, if indeed there are any finger prints to be found, as the body has been embalmed and has been handled by many persons since it was first discovered in the basement of the pencil factory. Nevertheless, it may be safely said that a microscopital [sic] examination will be made of every mark on the body. It was reported before the departure was made for Marietta that a Bertillon expert had been engaged and that if any finger prints were found, photographs would be taken and the most careful measurements made for the purpose of comparison. Will Compare Finger Marks. With these records in their possession, the authorities will be able to compare them with the finger prints of Frank and Lee, as well as with those of any suspects that are taken later. Notwithstanding these speculations as to the purpose of the exhumation, Solicitor Dorsey declared Wednesday forenoon that it was not for the purpose of obtaining a record of the fingerprints. One of the principal reasons for the action, he said, was to get a strand of the girl's hair in order to compare it with the hair found on the lathing machine in the tipping department at the factory. It was at this point that the detectives discovered blood spots on the floor and other evidences of a struggle. Solicitor Dorsey, on whose order the body was exhumed on both occasions, refused to go further into the reasons for his action. "I cannot talk in regard to the matter," he said, "The body was exhumed, it is true, at my request. But to reveal further plans would be hurtful." Thinks She Didn't Leave Factory. The Solicitor is in entire accord with theory that Mary Phagan never left the factory after she received her pay Saturday noon. He declared that if any search was being made for the man seen with a girl Saturday, April 26, by attaches of the Terminal station, it was not being conducted under his direction. Dr. Harris will make a more thorough examination of the wounds of the girl than has been made previously. It is believed that this examination is being made to confirm a new theory that has been advanced either by Dr. Harris or the Solicitor General. The results of the chemical analysis in the laboratory of Dr. Harris in the State Capitol have not yet been made public. Dr. Harris would not admit Wednesday that traces of drugs had been found, bearing out the belief that the girl was drugged and rendered helpless before she was slain in the factory. Bowen Released in Houston. Accompanying mystifying new features of the hunt for the slayer was the news that Paul P. Bowen, held in Houston for the Atlanta authorities, had been released and relieved of all suspicion. Bowen was employed with the Morrow Transfer Company in Atlanta, as stenographer and shipping clerk, and later with the Southern Railway. He had many friends here and with them bore a good reputation. His father and other relatives live Finger-Prints Clew Sought in Phagan Case Continued From Page 1. in Newnan, Georgia, and are among the best people of that part of the State. Chief of Police Davison, of Houston, was angered that his detective chief should have exceeded his authority in arresting Bowen, and promptly discharged him from authority. By letters Bowen wrote from Texas and statements of friends it was proved conclusively that he could not have been connected with the Atlanta mystery and he was accordingly freed. At the same time a search was begun for the strange man who had a part in a sensational scene at the Terminal station the afternoon of the tragedy, when a girl strongly resembling Mary Phagan is said to have protested weepingly against the man carrying out his intention of boarding a train for the North. The new evidence gathered by the Solicitor General and his aides Tuesday and Wednesday will be presented in the most part to the Coroner's Jury when it resumes its sessions Thursday morning at 9:30 o'clock. Newt Lee probably will be called back to the stand, and a number of employees of the pencil factory will be asked to tell of the conditions under which they work and of what they know of Mary Phagan. * * *

La bonne nouvelle c'est qu'on voit enfin les politiques s'énerver un peu sur la plus grande cause du siecle, l'effondrement démographique. (En effet, si on ne fait plus d'enfant comme c'est le cas aujourd'hui, l'intégralité du reste de la politique n'a plus d'objet. Petit détail qui commence à pénétrer les esprits.) En revanche s'énerver sur le sujet ne permet de le résoudre que si on prend les bonnes mesures. Or en matière de natalité, il y a pléthore de mesures inutiles ou nocives qui semblent pourtant bonnes aux non initiés. Puis les demi-habiles ont beau jeu ensuite de prétendre qu'on aurait tout fait pour lutter contre la dénatalité. Tout ça ne date pas du tout d'hier. Au XIXe siècle la population française s'effondre. C'est la panique. Nous perdons notre statut de grande puissance et nous nous faisons rouler dessus par les Allemands. Le Docteur Bertillon, chef des travaux statistiques de la Ville de Paris, fonde en 1896 l'Alliance nationale pour l'accroissement de la population française. Il préconise plein de mesures qui seront petit à petit mises en place : - allocations familiales avec un barème plus généreux à partir du deuxième enfant qui représentent de 5 à 15% des revenus du foyer - allocation de la mère au foyer pour les femmes salariées qui cessent de travailler - prime à la première naissance dans les deux ans du mariage - surtaxe des célibataires et des couples sans enfant - aggravation des sanctions pénales contre l'avortement (l'avortement devient un crime correctionnel sévèrement réprimé) - mesures contre la propagande néo-malthusienne et la « pornographie »- Spoiler : tout cela n'a strictement RIEN CHANGÉ et la population française a continué de s'effondrer jusqu'au baby boom à la fin de la seconde guerre mondiale. Il est donc assez dramatique de voir que ces idées qui ne servaient déjà à rien il y a une siècle sont réactivées dans certains programmes en 2026. En effet tout ce qui est listé plus haut NE SERT À RIEN. Les allocs ça marche quand ça représente un vrai revenu complémentaire, pas quand c'est un ajustement marginal. (coucou @BrunoRetailleau 240 euros par mois, pour 40 milliards d'euros, on a déjà essayé, la littérature est très claire sur le sujet : c'est gaspiller l'argent public. Retirez ça s'il vous plait.) Tout le reste de la liste ça ne sert simplement à rien. (primes à la naissance, restreindre l'avortement, revenu de mère au foyer, tout ça c'est naze.) Ce qui fonctionne c'est un accès au logement facile et pas cher, de la garde d'enfants universelle et gratuite, un accès à un emploi stable et rémunérateur tôt dans la vie. C'est pas très compliqué. Mais malheureusement pas encore compris par tout le monde.

Vous auriez pu tweeter sur Bertillon plutôt que sur ces glaces à l’italienne tout à fait banales.

After losing to Prussia in 1871, French elites looked at Germany’s rising population and panicked Jacques Bertillon wrote "Le problème de la depopulation" in 1897 Pro birth policies implemented right after did not work and the gap with Germany was higher than ever in 1900-1910

Here are some more facts that the author didn’t mention about the Will and William West case: The two men were not only similar in appearance, but also in age, height, weight, complexion, eye color, hair color, and even shoe size. The prison staff initially used the Bertillon system, which was a method of identification based on measuring various body parts, to try to distinguish the two men. However, they found that their measurements were almost identical. The prison warden, R. W. McClaughry, was a pioneer in fingerprinting and had been collecting fingerprints from inmates since 1892. He decided to use fingerprints to verify the identity of the two men and found that they had completely different patterns.