The Trickster Instinct
Mastering the trickster instinct is essential not only for commerce but also for warfare.
Both Alexander the Great and Julius Caesar mastered the arts of psychological warfare, bluffing, and deception. In the ancient world, this kind of military cleverness had a Greek name: mΓͺtis β a combination of cunning, dissimulation, and opportunism (the classical quality of the trickster, exemplified by Odysseus).
The true trickster side of Alexander and Caesar appeared in their military tactics, designing brilliant traps in which deception was the primary weapon.
1. Alexander the Great
The supreme example of Alexander acting as a strategic trickster occurred at the Battle of the Hydaspes River (326 BC), in India, against King Porus.
Porus possessed a massive army and an apparently insurmountable barrier: hundreds of war elephants lined up along the opposite bank of a swollen and turbulent river during the monsoon season. Attempting to cross under Porus's watchful eyes would have been suicidal. What Alexander did instead was a psychological game that lasted for weeks.
A. The Logistical Bluff
He ordered massive food convoys to arrive at his camp and spread rumors that he intended to wait until winter for the river to subside.
B. The Noisy "Celebration"
Every night, Alexander ordered his cavalry to ride up and down the riverbank, blowing trumpets, shouting, and making as much noise as possible.
At first, Porus moved his elephants and troops in response to the commotion. After weeks of the same routine without any actual attack, Porus concluded: "It is merely a bluff meant to exhaust me," and stopped reacting to the disturbances.
C. The Silent Strike
Once the Indian army had become completely conditioned and relaxed by the repetitive noise, Alexander chose a night of violent storms, whose thunder concealed the sounds of real movement.
He left a double in the main camp with the campfires still burning to deceive enemy scouts, then secretly marched with his best troops 27 kilometers upstream, crossed the river in secret, and caught Porus completely off guard from the rear the following morning.
2. Julius Caesar
Julius Caesar operated at a level of audacity that bordered on insanity, constantly using the enemy's own perceptions against them.
A. The Siege of Alesia (52 BC)
Against the Gauls led by Vercingetorix, Caesar found himself in a bizarre situation: he was besieging a fortified city when a massive Gallic relief army (four times larger than his own) arrived and began surrounding him from the outside. He became the besieger who was besieged.
Rather than retreat, Caesar constructed two lines of fortifications: one facing inward to keep Vercingetorix trapped, and another facing outward to defend against the relief army. During the coordinated Gallic assault from both inside and outside, Caesar's defenses came close to breaking.
Caesar then resorted to pure theater of war. He donned his famous bright red cloak (paludamentum), making himself visible from nearly a kilometer away, gathered only a few remaining cohorts and cavalrymen, and rode outside the fortifications, creating the impression that he was leading a massive reinforcement force that did not actually exist.
The Gauls saw the red cloak, believed a large Roman army was flanking them from the rear, panicked, and retreated, causing the siege to collapse in Caesar's favor.
"All warfare is based on deception. When capable, feign incapacity; when near, make the enemy believe you are far away."
β Sun Tzu
Although these words were written by Sun Tzu, Alexander and Caesar practiced them perfectly without ever having read The Art of War.