OTD in 1965, France changed the law to allow married women the right to work without their husbands’ permission. Yes, really. To mark the occasion, Woman of the Day is journalist Madeleine Riffaud, French Resistance, who didn’t need any man’s permission to fight for her country. Codename: Rainer.
Born in 1924 in Somme, Madeleine’s first brush with the enemy in Occupied France was in November 1940. She was 16, trying to find a stretcher for her sick grandfather at Amiens railway station which was crowded with German soldiers and two tried to indecently assault her. An officer intervened but booted her to the ground. “I was humiliated, my fear turned into anger. I remember saying to myself, ‘I don’t know who they are or where they are, but I’ll find the people who are fighting this, and I’ll join them’.”
She joined the Resistance at 18. “Hundreds of young women like me were involved. We were the messengers, the intelligence-gatherers, the repairers of the web. When men fell or were captured, we got the news through, pulled the nets tight again. We carried documents, leaflets, sometimes arms. We walked miles; bikes were too precious, and the Métro was too dangerous.”
As D-Day loomed, the stakes got higher. Her network needed more arms and it was her job to obtain them by hook or by crook. She took them off policemen by persuasion or threat but it was the massacre of 623 men, women and children in the village of Oradour-sur-Glane by the SS Panzer Division Das Reich on 10 June 1944 that was the final straw. She knew that village well. Her network vowed revenge and instructed each member to kill a German.
“I have no hate. It was a mission. We had to do it in daylight, to encourage the population. To show them there was an opposition to the German occupation and it was French. I wanted to do more than simply harangue people in queues, telling them the truth of what was happening and I was cross at being told always to carry weapons across town for the men to use, so I asked for permission to use a gun myself.”
On 23 July 1944, near the Musée d’Orsay, she spotted a German NCO looking across the Seine, stopped her bicycle, called to him so he turned to face her - "It was important to me not to shoot him in the back” - and shot him twice in the head. “I was very calm…Maybe he was a good guy. But this…Well, it’s war.”
As she cycled away, the chief of the Milice (collaborator police) drove hus car at her, knocking her off her bike, handcuffed her and took her to the Gestapo in Rue des Saussaies. She thought, “I am going to die.”
She didn’t but what she went through was arguably a hundred times worse. She was beaten, whipped, electrocuted and half-drowned for three weeks. Minutes before her scheduled execution, a policeman realised that the gun Madeleine used on the German NCO was the one taken from him weeks before and she was reprieved - but only because the Gestapo wanted to interrogate her.
The torture resumed, another ten days of it. Madeleine was made to watch others being tortured in an effort to break her. “What kept me going was saying to myself: I am not a victim. I am a résistante.”
The Gestapo put her on a train to Ravensbrück. She escaped, was recaptured, and finally freed in a prisoner exchange so she went straight back to Paris and joined the Free Forces of the Interior.
Madeleine celebrated her 20th birthday by leading four men on a successful
mission to stop a German troops train carrying 80 Wehrmacht soldiers and then she turned her attention to the SS barracks.
“We were fighting floor by floor, dropping grenades through the windows…But you cannot understand how wonderful it was to fight finally as free men and women, to battle in the daylight, under our own names, with our real identities, with everyone out there, all of Paris, to support us, happy, joyful and united.”
Madeleine was awarded the Croix de Guerre avec Palme but suffered survivor’s guilt and found peacetime hard to adjust to. She "couldn't live like other people".
It would take a post as long as War and Peace to tell you about the rest of her remarkable life (and it would be an apt title) but she became an investigative journalist and activist in Algeria and Vietnam and was made a Chevalier de La Légion d’honneur. She died last year, aged 100. Oh, and she married briefly but followed her own path anyway.
“During the war, Germans tortured people I didn't know in front of me, saying they'd stop if I talked. They'd shout at me: "Look! Look!" I decided to make it my profession: To go out into the field, look at the truth and tell it. To bear witness, especially to act against colonialism: I didn't want France to do elsewhere what the Nazis wanted to do here.”