Razorbills (Alca torda) at Loop Head Special Protection Area (SPA), Co. Clare, last week.
Razorbills belong to the Auk family (Alcidae). In evolutionary terms, auks represent a northern hemisphere counterpart to penguins - not closely related, but showing clear convergent adaptations for underwater “flight”.
Indeed, the word “penguin” originally referred to the Great Auk (Pinguinus impennis), a now-extinct relative of the razorbill. When explorers later saw similar-looking birds in the Southern Hemisphere, they began calling those “penguins” as well.
Razorbills use their wings to “fly” beneath the surface, pursuing small fish such as sand eels and sprat. They typically feed at depths of around 25 metres but can dive to depths of up to 120 metres.
At breeding sites such as Loop Head, Razorbills nest on narrow cliff ledges, often alongside Guillemots (Uria aalge) but in slightly more sheltered positions. A single egg is laid directly on the rock. Pairs show strong site fidelity and maintain long-term bonds.
One of the more remarkable aspects of their life history is the behaviour of chicks. Before they can fly, chicks leave the cliff at night, leaping into the sea below. The male accompanies the chick and continues to care for it entirely at sea for several weeks. Razorbills are highly marine and are only found on land during the breeding season.
Their reliance on small schooling fish makes them vulnerable to changes in prey availability, as well as to pressures such as bycatch, pollution, and climate change. This species is officially Red-listed in Ireland.