🔥 EHA2026 | Toxoplasmosis After Allo-HSCT
Prof. Varun Mehra — Real-world infectious complications
🦠 Toxoplasmosis is uncommon but potentially devastating after allo-HSCT
Around one-third of the global population may be seropositive for Toxoplasma gondii.
In allo-HSCT, disease usually reflects reactivation in seropositive recipients rather than primary infection.
🧠 CNS toxoplasmosis is the key feared presentation
MRI may show brain lesions that can mimic:
🧬 lymphoma/PTLD
🦠 fungal infection
🧫 bacterial abscess
⚠️ CNS relapse/metastatic disease
🎯 In immunocompromised patients, toxoplasmosis must remain in the differential.
⏱️ Timing after allo-HCT
Median onset of toxoplasma infection/disease after allo-HCT: D 62
📌 Earlier than after solid organ transplant
📌 Infection usually precedes overt disease
📌 First positive PCR appears earlier in prospective screening studies
📌 Earlier onset occurs in patients receiving no prophylaxis
📌 90% of toxoplasmosis cases occur within 6 months after transplant.
Primary infection in recipient-seronegative patients is extremely rare.
🧪 Toxo qPCR screening after allo-HCT: why it matters
Despite limited randomized evidence, screening studies show:
✅ PCR can identify toxoplasma reactivation early in 6–32% of seropositive allo-HCT recipients
✅ Risk is highest before engraftment, when TMP-SMX prophylaxis is often not yet started
✅ Untreated infection frequently precedes disease
✅ Screening-based strategies appear to reduce toxoplasmosis-attributable mortality compared with historical outcomes
🧬 Who should be screened?
Pre-transplant recipient toxoplasma serology is essential, regardless of donor serology.
If serology is negative but uncertainty exists, repeat/check prior diagnostic serology when feasible.
📆 Screening schedule after allo-HSCT
Start toxoplasma qPCR screening from D0.
Screen at least weekly until D 100.
Then at least every 2 weeks until D 180, adapted to follow-up frequency and intensity of immunosuppression.
💊 TMP-SMX remains central
After engraftment, TMP-SMX prophylaxis for Pneumocystis jirovecii also provides toxoplasma protection.
Suggested prophylaxis doses on the slide:
TMP-SMX 80/400 mg daily
or
160/800 mg three times per week
⚠️ When to continue qPCR screening despite TMP-SMX
Continue/consider screening if:
🔸 Alternative non–TMP-SMX PJP prophylaxis is used
🔸 No prophylaxis
🔸 Poor compliance
🔸 Diarrhea or poor absorption
🔸 Ongoing intense immunosuppression
🧠 Clinical takeaway
✅ Toxoplasmosis after allo-HSCT is mainly an early reactivation disease
✅ Highest-risk window: D0–D180, especially pre-engraftment and before TMP-SMX
✅ qPCR surveillance can detect infection before clinical disease
✅ TMP-SMX is protective, but screening remains important when absorption/adherence/prophylaxis is unreliable
✅ CNS lesions post-HSCT should always trigger toxoplasma consideration in seropositive or unknown-status patients
📚 Source: EHA2026 Congress slides — From Conventional to Emerging Approaches: Evolving Infection Prevention Strategies in Allogeneic HSCT and Cellular Therapies; talk by Prof. Varun Mehra. Slide-cited references include Aerts R, Mehra V et al., Lancet Infectious Diseases 2024, Adekunle et al. 2021, Bories P, Bone Marrow Transplantation 2012, Conrad A et al., Clinical Microbiology and Infection 2016, and Montoya & Liesenfeld, Lancet 2004.
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