The U.S. has leverage over the frontier intelligence layer. China has leverage over the physical input layer.
Or even simpler:
The U.S. can restrict access to the “brain.” China can restrict access to the “body.
The rare earths play and the AI export-control play are two sides of the same industrial-war logic. Neither side is mainly weaponizing the raw commodity. They are weaponizing the conversion bottleneck.
For China, the bottleneck is not just rare earth ore. It is separation, refining, alloying, magnet production, and the industrial know-how around those processes. China has used export controls on strategic materials including gallium, germanium, antimony, graphite, tungsten, and rare earths. China’s use of export restrictions accelerated between 2023 and 2025, and continues throughout 2026.
For the U.S., the bottleneck is increasingly not just GPUs. It is access to the most capable model weights, inference endpoints, post-training systems, cloud infrastructure, talent, and evaluation/safety pipelines.
Both countries are trying to prevent the other side from turning inputs into strategic capability.
The U.S. does not want China or other foreign actors to freely use the best AI models for cyber, defense, weapons design, intelligence, industrial automation, chip design, or scientific acceleration.
China does not want the U.S. and its allies to freely access the refined minerals and magnets needed for defense systems, EVs, robotics, drones, wind turbines, semiconductors, and electrification.