Beevor: Russian rulers have long feared that unless Russia keeps expanding, it will contract.
Russia’s real geopolitical strategy should have been the opposite: accept Europe’s core security demands and integrate economically with Europe instead of threatening it since the 2000s.
By doing so, Moscow could have balanced its power between Europe and China, selling energy, commodities and industrial inputs to multiple major markets instead of becoming structurally dependent on China and India.
Instead, Russia chose to continue its expansionist policy
That decision cut its economic ties with Europe, pushed European countries into their largest rearmament since the Second World War, accelerated Europe’s energy independence, and turned Moscow into an economic vassal of China and India.