A solid 65-page long paper from Stanford, Princeton, Harvard, University of Washington, and many other top univ.
Says that almost all advanced AI agent systems can be understood as using just 4 basic ways to adapt, either by updating the agent itself or by updating its tools.
It also positions itself as the first full taxonomy for agentic AI adaptation.
Agentic AI means a large model that can call tools, use memory, and act over multiple steps.
Adaptation here means changing either the agent or its tools using a kind of feedback signal.
In A1, the agent is updated from tool results, like whether code ran correctly or a query found the answer.
In A2, the agent is updated from evaluations of its outputs, for example human ratings or automatic checks of answers and plans.
In T1, retrievers that fetch documents or domain models for specific fields are trained separately while a frozen agent just orchestrates them.
In T2, the agent stays fixed but its tools are tuned from agent signals, like which search results or memory updates improve success.
The survey maps many recent systems into these 4 patterns and explains trade offs between training cost, flexibility, generalization, and modular upgrades.