A 2016 study by Gorman and Maloney published in the Psychology of Sport and Exercise examined how the presence of a defender impacts the jump shot in basketball.
One finding stood out above everything else.
Adding a defender reduced shooting accuracy by over 20%.
Hereās what that means for how you design your shooting practice.
The study explored how the presence of a defender impacts several variables within the jump shot. This is critical for making sense of shooting and how we can design more effective shooting activities as coaches.
Basketball players participated in 30 trials of 5 different shot types, both with and without a defender. The goal was to see how defenders affected shot execution and accuracy.
KEY FINDING 1: SHOOTING ACCURACY
The presence of a defender reduced shooting accuracy by over 20%.
This is a critical finding illustrating how important it is to practice with a defender to better reflect game conditions.
If your players are only ever shooting without a defender in practice, they are rehearsing a version of shooting that simply does not exist in the game.
KEY FINDING 2: SHOT EXECUTION TIME
Players executed shots faster when defended.
This highlights how shooting drills without an opponent risk developing passive attractor states, movement habits that feel comfortable in practice but donot transfer to the game.
If your players never practice shooting under time pressure and defensive pressure, they are not preparing for the game they will actually play.
KEY FINDING 3: MOVEMENT VARIABILITY
Defended shots showed greater movement variability, indicating that players adapted their movements to the defenderās actions.
This is exactly what skill looks like. Not a perfectly repeated technique, but the ability to self-organize into a functional solution based on what the environment is presenting. The defender is not a distraction from good shooting. The defender is what good shooting is actually built around.
PRACTICAL APPLICATION 1: REPRESENTATIVE LEARNING DESIGN
Having defenders in practice sessions creates more game-like conditions, leading to shooters being able to adapt to changing constraints within the game.
Representative Learning Design means making practice look like the game. And in a game, there is always a defender. Start by simply adding a defender to your existing shooting activities and observe how your players respond.
PRACTICAL APPLICATION 2: ADJUSTING DEFENDER PROXIMITY
The defenderās distance and close-out direction naturally impacts the shot.
Coaches can modify the defenderās proximity by using constraints ā a greater distance for younger or less experienced players, tighter and more physical close-outs as players develop. This allows you to control the challenge point and ensure players are always working at the right level of difficulty.
By incorporating these ideas into practice, coaches and players can significantly improve how we approach shooting.