I think JD Vance’s response, unfortunately, misses the point.
When the Pope says, “God is not on the side of those who wield the sword” (Matthew 26:52), he is not denying the Church’s Just War tradition. He is calling us back to the heart of Christ.
In Matthew 26:52, Jesus says, “all who take the sword will perish by the sword.” He also teaches us to love not only our friends but our enemies (Matthew 5:44), to refuse retaliation (Matthew 5:39), and in the end, He submits to the Cross without violence. This shows a clear direction: the Kingdom of God is not built through force. As He says, “Blessed are the peacemakers, for they shall be called children of God” (Matthew 5:9).
Christ does not present violence as something that reflects God’s nature. He allows Himself to be killed rather than defend Himself with force. That is central to the Church’s message.
What is Just War Theory? Just War Theory was developed mainly by St. Augustine and later refined by St. Thomas Aquinas. It is not a justification for violence, but a strict moral framework meant to limit it. It accepts that, in a fallen world, the use of force may sometimes be tolerated, but only under serious conditions. There must be a just cause, such as defending innocent life or resisting grave injustice. It must be declared by a legitimate authority. The intention must be right, not driven by revenge, hatred, or conquest, but by the desire to restore justice and peace. War must truly be a last resort, after every serious peaceful option has been exhausted. There must be a real probability of success, so that lives are not wasted in a hopeless conflict. The response must be proportionate, meaning the harm caused must not be greater than the evil being resisted. And even in war, civilians and non-combatants must never be deliberately targeted.
Even with all these conditions, the Church never says that God supports war. At most, it says that moral responsibility may, in very limited circumstances, tolerate the use of force to prevent a greater evil. Peace remains the goal. Violence is never the ideal.
What I find difficult in Vance’s response is the tone toward the Pope. It comes across as though he is trying to correct theological language, as if the Pope is offering just another opinion. But the Pope’s role is precisely to speak into moral and theological questions, especially when they touch on real issues like war and power.
At a deeper level, this seems like a clash between political reasoning and the logic of the Gospel. Christ is the standard, not political strategy, not historical precedent. Everything has to be measured against Him.
So yes, the Church has wrestled with the reality of war. But that does not weaken the Pope’s point. If anything, it makes it more necessary. In a world that keeps finding ways to justify violence, the Church must keep pointing back to Christ, who did not conquer by the sword, but by the Cross.