Wheeler's 48 definition-metaphors for computation the universe as a computer.
From a ~1980 note available in the Wheeler repository at APSâby way of my old twitter-friend Dave Baconâand pasted below with my very brief annotations.
diglib.amphilsoc.org/islandoâŚ
Dave highlights #39 in his lovely blog post:
dabacon.org/pontiff/2024/04/âŚ
39. No one knows how simple, powerful, universal, natural, and/or complex computers might ultimately becomeâand it might be in these ultimate senses that the universe is or resembles a âcomputerâ. (It might even be possible to devise revolutionary types of computers by studying and applying computational or computer-like properties of the universe.)
I find interesting Wheeler's juxtaposition of 8 9:
8. May (or physics may) reduce to pure mathematics, numbers, or âorderâ.
9. May use or reduce entirely to information, symbols, computer-like rules, states, decisions, operations, markers, pointers, arrays, structures, programs, sets, and/or the like.
#21 is a pragmatically useful operational definition identifying basic elements without hoopla (In my work I operationalize the elements of computation similarly):
21. All natural phenomena, entities, and systems (be they trees, rocks, : molecules, bacteria, men, societies, rivers, stars, diseases, clouds, or whatever) may be computers or computer-like (have programs, perform computations, use circuitry, possess memory, use languages, process information, use Boolean logic, or the like).
#23 seems at odds with a central message of the it from bit paper: no turtles. The It from bit is a later work piblished in 1990 and delivered as talks in 1989
@sfiscience elsewhere.
23. All known laws may be controlled or created by higher laws (possibly arranged in a hierarchy or network).
How to rethink #30 given growing consensus universe is lumpy?
x.com/C4COMPUTATION/status/1âŚ
30. May be a latticeâor spacetime may be wholly quantized.
#32âI hope not!
32. May essentially represent but a single, individual particle, event, or computer (that somehow generates the illusion of a multifarious world); or a single iterative or recursive operation repeating itself forever or toward a finite future destiny.
#34âThe 21st century science question!!
34. It may be possible to show that information and computation are fundamentally indistinguishable and hence equivalent, or that all of the following must in a similar way be equivalent: information, computation, energy, mass, space, time, and/or the like.
Like #21, #40 is pragmatically useful.
40. May function in ways similar or identical to such computer or mental processes as generalization, recognition, categorization, error correction, time sequence retention, induction, symbolic logic, analogical reasoning, and/or the like.
#45âThe universe as chatty-cat micromanager! đš
45. May represent a great hierarchical network of specialized âadministratorsâ or âadministrative! processes, functions, systems, laws, constraints, &c. Also, may contain things analogous to questions, answers, experiments, orders, requests, negotiations, conversations, messages, traffic cops, supervisors, inspectors, translators, arbitrators, pioneers, &c.
And #48âLovely!
48. All that exists in the universe (including relationships, entities, interactions, laws, &c that are conventionally thought of as being inert, static, or time-invariant) may in fact be time-asymmetric or an uninterrupted process of change or of cosmoplastic or cosmopoietic interadjustments and interchanges; in this âeverywhere~ always~novel universe! work and information-
could be omnipresent and quintessential.