The Royal Game of Ur :
For 4600 years, a mysterious game slept in the dust of southern Iraq, largely forgotten. The passion of a museum curator and the hunger of young Iraqis for their cultural history may bring it back...
The original name of this ancient game has been lost to time, but it was dubbed the Royal Game of Ur after a British archaeologist named Sir Leonard Woolley uncovered five worn playing boards in 1928 at the Royal Cemetery of the Sumerian city of Ur. Analysts estimated that the highly decorated boards, made of wood, inlaid shell and lapis lazuli, were made between 2600-2400 BC, making the Royal Game of Ur the oldest complete tabletop game ever discovered.
Archaeological evidence suggests that the game (Game of 20 Squares) was immensely popular with people of all classes. The boards were carried all over the Middle East and sometimes scratched into clay or rock, if no board was available by soldiers, missionaries, explorers and traders, who introduced it to Iran, Syria, Egypt, Lebanon, Sri Lanka, Cyprus and Crete. Variations of the game have been found in King Tutankhamen’s tomb, and etched into pillars in the palace of the Assyrian king Sargon II.
For at least 1000 years, the Royal Game of Ur was the national game of ancient Mesopotamia, but it waned in popularity as other games were developed, including those that most likely evolved from it, such as backgammon. Mentions of the game disappeared in the Middle Ages, but a variation, called Aasha, was played by the Jewish people of Kochi, in India. Jews of Kochi had migrated from ancient Babylonia and brought a version of the game with them.
The 1928 discovery of the Royal Game of Ur gave scholars an important cultural glimpse into how the ancient Mesopotamians entertained themselves, but there was one problem: The boards did not come with an instruction manual, and that meant that modern-day scholars had no idea how the game worked.
In 1980s, Dr. Irving Finkel (a curator and Assyriologist at British Museum), translated a cuneiform script on a crumbling clay tablet that had been brought to the museum by an antiquities dealer. The document sounded remarkably like the rules of an ancient game. The clay tablet written in 177-176 BC by a scribe named Itti-Marduk-balatu, tablet was discovered around 1880 in the ruins of Babylon, according to an academic paper written by Dr. Finkel.
“The tablet included a grid on one side,” he wrote, “and two columns of closely written text on the other, adding his name and the date at the end of the inscription.”
British Museum bought the relic shortly after it was found and cataloged it. Scholars tried to decipher the cuneiform over the years, but it was Dr. Finkel who was able to identify the text on the tablet as instructions on how to play the Royal Game of Ur after comparing it to the other game boards the museum had stored in its archives.
Babylonian tablet revealed that the game is race between two players to get their markers around and off the board. Pyramid-shaped dice are used to indicate the number of squares a player can move, but strategy is involved as well: If a player lands on a square occupied by their opponent, they can knock that marker off, and the opponent must start over again with that piece. That can set a player back by quite a bit, and it is almost impossible to predict who will win, even near the end of the game.
But there was another aspect of the game that attracted people: It was said to tell a player’s fortune. According to the cuneiform tablet, some of the marked squares on the board were assigned signs of the zodiac and, with them, predictions that a player would win a beer, make a friend, eat well, or perhaps become powerful and wealthy.
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