Tetteh Quarshie: A Freed Slave Who’d Shape* an Economy.
1. Well...you're not alone. Many people think so too.
2. Agrarian poverty in Europe drove Swiss Germans to work on cocoa and coffee plantations in Brazil from the early 1800s. They later came to be known as "white slaves" due to poor working conditions and low incentives.
3. By the mid-1800s, when slavery was increasingly dying out due to abolition and the redundancy brought about by industrialisation, cocoa and palm oil were emerging as global cash crops. Progressive slaveholders were jumping on that train to stay prosperous.
4. On the other side, in the Gold Coast, there were Swiss Germans too. They came with the Basel Mission (today's Presbyterian Church) and had also gotten wind of how commercial and lucrative cocoa was becoming. Their countrymen in Nova Friburgo, Brazil, had kept them in the know: cocoa thrived in tropical climates.
5. And so, they began to experiment with the crop along the coastal towns of Osu, Labadi, Teshie, and so on. Little success was seen.
6. Around the 1850s, they moved to the Akwapim Hills, which was also Basel Mission territory. [Explains why there are even more practising Presbyterians & churches in the Gã and Akwapim areas today.]
7. It was there, in the Akwapim Hills, where they set up a cocoa research centre, that the crop began to thrive. Tetteh Quarshie was barely a teenager then.
8. Around the same time, the British had already abolished Atlantic slavery (1807–1833) and were against its continuation in the Gold Coast. They were more interested in gold and palm oil.
9. The Basel Mission sided with them and paid the debts on the heads of some of the slaves (pawns) in what is today Ghana's Eastern Region to secure their freedom.
10. Tetteh Quarshie's freedom was paid for by Heinrich Bohner, one of the Swiss German missionaries, who travelled extensively through Cameroon, Bioko (Fernando Po, now part of Equatorial Guinea), and other areas.
11. Later, Tetteh Quarshie was trained as a blacksmith in Akwapim before travelling with the mission, from which stems the supposed* tale of his smuggling cocoa beans. A more viable variety which he did cultivate in Mampong Akwapim in the late 1870s.
12. By 1911, 37 years after the Gold Coast became a British colony, it was the world's leading producer of cocoa—a feat neither Tetteh Quarshie nor the Basel missionaries lived to see.
13. After his death, Tetteh Quarshie's family petitioned the colonial government to pay them gratuities for his service to the colony.
14. Bohner's diary and Fritz Ramseyer's recollections of his time on the Gold Coast confirm this account.
15. The expansive story, in both paperback and audio, will be in my upcoming book: Chale! You For Know!
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🎥: swiss federal archives
Ghana exported cocoa before Tetteh Quarshie was trained to become a blacksmith? I thought Tetteh Quarshie harnessed that skill and that aided him to go and work overseas hence, the transportation of cocoa into the motherland?