Charlie Munger on ‘Planck’s knowledge’ vs ‘Chauffeur knowledge’. “Max Planck’s chauffeur memorised his lecture after hearing it 20 times. During one talk, the chauffeur replaced places with Planck.” “When asked a difficult question, the chauffeur replied: That’s such an elementary question, even my chauffeur can answer it.” 🤣

Today, we are launching NextToken - a single place to build production-grade agents, apps and analytics. Code-forward. Cloud Hosted. Zero setup. Extremely affordable. @nexttoken_co

I accidentally broke my brain reading about Nobel Prize winners last month. There's this thing called "Janusian thinking" that basically explains why some people's minds work like magic while the rest of us think in straight lines. Named after Janus, the Roman god with two faces pointing opposite directions. The psychologist who discovered it, Albert Rothenberg, was trying to figure out what made breakthrough thinkers different. He interviewed dozens of Nobel laureates, major artists, revolutionary scientists. What he found sounds impossible. These people can hold two different ideas in their mind at the same time. They can explore both without switching back and forth or forcing a quick comparison. They can consider “yes” and “no” to the same question simultaneously and stay clear-headed. Einstein too talked about this when he described his relativity breakthrough. He was imagining riding alongside a beam of light while also standing perfectly still. Both perspectives at once. Mozart said he could hear an entire symphony "all at once," every note, every contradiction, every resolution happening in a single moment of awareness. Your average person's mind works like a courtroom. Evidence comes in, you weigh it, you reach a verdict. Case closed. But Janusian minds work more like... I don't know, like a quantum computer that can process multiple realities simultaneously until something new emerges from the overlap. I've started noticing it in conversations. When someone can genuinely see both sides of something without needing to pick one, it drives people nuts. They want you to land somewhere definite. The ability to live in that tension space reads as wishy-washy or indecisive. Most creative advice tells you to "think outside the box." But Janusian thinking is weirder than that. It's being inside and outside the box at the same time. It's thinking the box exists and doesn't exist simultaneously. Which explains why truly creative people seem slightly unhinged. They think they're choosing between realities. But, they're inhabiting multiple realities at once, mining the contradictions for insights the rest of us never see. Sadly, most of us have trained ourselves out of this ability. We've learned that holding contradictions feels unstable, so we rush toward resolution. We've been taught that changing your mind means you were wrong before, so we defend positions instead of exploring them. But the people changing the world have kept that childlike ability to hold impossible thoughts without needing them to make sense immediately. We just need to live in the questions everyone else is too scared to ask.

Charlie Munger: "Politicians are never so bad that you don't live to want them back." "You laugh, you young people, but you're going to live to wish that Nancy Pelosi and Donald Trump were immortal."

While at Meta, I worked on this optimizer-wrapper (outer step lookahead momentum) we're calling Snoo (arxiv.org/abs/2510.15830). You can use it with AdamW or Muon and see really strong scaling. Here's a plot where we ran it against (tuned) AdamW up to 1e23 training flop scales. The "x"s in the plot are compute-factors i.e the baseline needs "x" more flops to reach the same loss (instead of simply measuring in steps). - We further established a medium-track WR on modded-nanogpt (github.com/KellerJordan/modd…) With amazing co-authors (Dominik,Vishal,Michael).

I've spent years pushing the boundaries of pretraining—first as lead author on PaLM, then as a lead contributor on Gemini pre-training. Now I'm at Reflection, building open-weight agentic models at the frontier from the ground up. Today we're announcing our Series B to accelerate this mission. What excites me most is the team of world-class researchers who are deeply bought into this mission and the opportunity to build a frontier lab from scratch. Pre-training at scale. RL at scale. Agentic reasoning. The full stack. It's rare to get the resources, the talent, and the mission aligned like this. If you're passionate about this mission and pre-training/RL at scale to advance the open frontier, join us on our ambitious journey! DM me. We’re hiring in SF, New York and London: reflection.ai/careers

Google has reached a remarkable milestone not seen since the heyday of Bell Labs: 5 of its current/former employees are science Nobel laureates. This remarkable concentration of talent signals a major shift: fundamental discoveries are no longer confined to the halls of academia