In 1893, a five-year-old Jewish boy named Israel Beilin stood with his mother and father on the deck of an immigrant steamship pulling into New York Harbor. They had fled the violent anti-Jewish pogroms of Imperial Russia. They had crossed Europe by train and Atlantic by steerage. They arrived at Ellis Island with no money, no English, and no plan.
The boy looked up at the Statue of Liberty.
Forty-five years later, he would write the song that became America's unofficial second national anthem: "God Bless America."
His name became Irving Berlin. He composed roughly 1,500 songs over his career — including "White Christmas," "Easter Parade," "Cheek to Cheek," "Puttin' on the Ritz," "There's No Business Like Show Business," and many others. He could not read music. He played piano in only one key. He shaped the soundtrack of 20th century America without ever learning the technical skills most professional composers spend years acquiring.
His family settled in a tenement on the Lower East Side of Manhattan. His father, a former cantor in a Russian synagogue, could not find work as a religious singer in America and took a job in a kosher poultry factory. He died when Israel was 13.
Israel left school the same year. He worked as a singing waiter in a saloon in Chinatown. He sold newspapers in the streets. He composed his first song — "Marie from Sunny Italy" — at 19 and sold it for 33 cents. The publisher misspelled his name on the printed sheet music as "I. Berlin." The misspelling stuck. Israel Beilin became Irving Berlin, and Irving Berlin became, within ten years, the most successful songwriter in America.
He served in the U.S. Army during World War I. He served again during World War II — donating all royalties from his songs about the war effort, including "God Bless America" and "This Is the Army," to the Army Emergency Relief Fund. The donations totaled in the millions of dollars. He never took a penny.
"God Bless America" was actually written by Berlin in 1918, during World War I, but he had set it aside as too solemn. In 1938, with Nazi Germany rising in Europe, the singer Kate Smith asked him for a patriotic song for her radio show. Berlin pulled the old song out of a drawer, revised the lyrics, and gave it to her.
She performed it on Armistice Day — November 11, 1938.
Within weeks, it was being played on radio stations across the country. Within a year, it was being sung at the Democratic and Republican national conventions. Within a decade, it had become so embedded in American patriotic culture that millions of Americans believed it must be a 19th century folk song — written, perhaps, by Stephen Foster or some other founding-era composer.
It had been written by a Russian-Jewish immigrant who had learned English on the streets of Chinatown.
Irving Berlin lived to age 101. He died in 1989. He had outlived almost everyone he had ever worked with — outlived George Gershwin by 52 years, Cole Porter by 25 years, Frank Sinatra he knew well into Sinatra's old age.
In his apartment on Beekman Place in Manhattan — the same apartment he had lived in for decades — there was a small piano in one corner. The piano had been modified with a special lever that allowed Berlin to play in any key while only knowing how to play in F-sharp. He used that piano to compose "White Christmas" in 1942.
"White Christmas" remains the best-selling single in recorded music history. Over 50 million copies sold globally. Bing Crosby's recording of it has been played on American radio every December for 80 years.
It was written by a Jewish immigrant from a Russian shtetl who had never celebrated Christmas in his life.
Irving Berlin was once asked, late in his life, what he had thought when he saw the Statue of Liberty for the first time at age five.
He paused. Then he said: "I thought she was waving at me."