ALT Graph showing the distribution of superposition-of-product-states norms for different values of M. Frequency is on the Y axis and Z is on the X axis. Many of the lower M values have very thin peaks that overlap at low Z values, so an inset zooms in to show them. These also have clear deviations from the theoretical Gaussian form, shown by dashed curves. M=2 is the leftmost and peaks just shy of 1. Each peak is progressively shorter, wider, and further to the right on the graph. M values of 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, and 512 are shown.
ALT Three graphs showing the capacity of breakthrough papers. Here, the authors selected Nobel Prize-winning papers published after 1971, including 74 prize-winning papers in biology, 73 in chemistry, and 64 in physics. The graphs show the complementary cumulative distribution of capacity, C>(Ď•) on the y axis, and Ď• on the x axis. There is a graph for each of the three subjects, from left to right labeled biology, chemistry, and physics. Plots in green show C>(Ď•) for the Nobel-Prize-winning papers, while blue plots show the C>(Ď•) for all papers in the field, labeled all papers in WOS, or web of science. The three plots show that the Nobel Prize-winning papers have a significantly larger capacity than other papers.
