This is Nobel winner, Tu Youyou, in the early 1970s, she discovered the malaria treatment artemisinin that saved tens of millions of lives by following a 1,600-year-old Chinese medical recipe. She realized the herb had to be prepared cold, not boiled and then she tested the drug on herself first.
Working during China’s Project 523 in the late 1960s, Tu Youyou screened hundreds of traditional remedies for antimalarial activity. The breakthrough came when she revisited a 4th-century text by Ge Hong, which described extracting Artemisia annua (qinghao) in a way that avoided heat. Switching to a low-temperature ether extraction preserved the active compound—later named artemisinin—which proved rapidly effective against Plasmodium parasites, including drug-resistant strains.
By the late 1970s and 1980s, artemisinin derivatives (artemether, artesunate) were developed, and in the 2000s the World Health Organization endorsed artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) as the global standard. The scale is difficult to overstate: ACTs are credited with helping drive a >50% reduction in malaria mortality since 2000, with millions of lives saved, particularly among children in sub-Saharan Africa.
Tu’s work was conducted under conditions of limited resources and political isolation, yet it produced one of the most consequential drug discoveries of the 20th century. She was awarded the 2015 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, becoming the first Chinese laureate in that category.
Early clinical testing in China included volunteer self-administration by the research team to confirm safety before broader trials, an uncommon but historically documented step in the program.
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