Long post about coaching:
Coaching is very popular. It's clear why, there is lots of good evidence to support it and lots of very smart people swear by it.
I've also been a bit worried about if for a while. I've written about this before, but will try be a bit more systematic:
There are lots of different versions of "coaching" or "instructional coaching", all of which have different definitions and approaches (Josh Goodrich's book does a v good job of defining them). To me, what they all seem to share as opposed to other forms of teacher improvement is
- They are one to one
- They are programmatic (i.e. they rely on daily or weekly or fortnightly observations and meetings)
- They are systematic (i.e. they have a particular "end point" in mind, rather than just "this teacher is better at teaching.")
Ok, with that in mind, we need to look at the bare bones of what is needed for effective coaching (of any kind). To be an effective coach, you need three things:
1. The ability to define a person's start point, in terms of their 1a) expertise, 1b) motivation, and 1c) capacity to improve
2. The ability to define a person's end point, in terms of 2a) a very clear vision of what good teaching looks like
3. The ability to guide a person from 1 (given 1a, 1b and 1c) to 2.
If an individual is going to be an effective coach, they need those three things. But, and here's the kicker: if collectively we are going to advocate for coaching, we need to be able to give guidance on how to get those three things. We need to be able to explain to coaches how to find start points, how to scope end points and how to bridge one to the other.
I think this is fiendishly difficult. Let's take them one at a time:
1a. A teacher's expertise is obviously hard to spot. Figuring out what they are doing well or not doing well in the classroom is very difficult, and my experience is that we are not very good at this. It takes time, practice, and intensive training (which doesn't really exist at scale). (It's why I use The Hypothesis Model.) It also depends on their conceptual understanding of teaching and learning principles, which are again hard to diagnose.
1b. A teacher's motivation depends on their sense of competence, autonomy, relatedness, purpose and general idea of who they are. This is obviously highly idiosyncratic, and providing guidance on figuring out how to motivate teachers to improve or listen to your feedback is, again, fiendishly difficult.
1c. Their capacity to improve is, again, idiosyncratic. Some teachers I've worked with hear the feedback and bam have acted on it next lesson. Some, despite being at a similar or higher level of expertise, take longer. This seriously messes with programmatic discourse as it relies on a much higher level of skill and adaptability from the coach (again, see Goodrich's Responsive Coaching).
1a-c are important because they tell us how we should craft actions. If someone is high in expertise, motivation and capacity, you might give them 3 or 4 actions in one go. You might not need to model each action, or spend ages justifying them. You might give them niche actions, that don't relate to their very next lesson. If they are lower in any of those metrics, you would have to adapt accordingly. You might pick one super easy thing that can be implemented next lesson, then model and discuss it to death. Again, this makes it hard to communicate to coaches what to do.
Regarding end points, it's a simple fact that as a profession most of us do not have clearly defined visions of what good teaching looks like at every point in a lesson. Texts like TLAC really help with this, but we aren't there yet.
Then we have figuring out how to actually bridge the gap from 1 to 2. Again. Really hard. Point 3 is also the major sticking point of coaching definitions, where different people have different coaching approaches, but people who are listening don't always understand the differences or how each one relates to the evidence base. Instructional coaching, business coaching, responsive coaching, directive coaching...all of these have different definitions, and make discourse around moving from 1 to 2 very difficult.
Maybe all this is my own failure of imagination and ability. About a year ago, I sat down and tried to answer these questions, wrote over 40,000 words and then gave up. I think that there is definitely something in coaching that makes it awesome, and the approach that I use to teacher development incorporates a lot of the elements that coaching advocates advocate, but I think there is also room to be uneasy.
/end of long post