I’ve heard people say that heaven and hell are “necessary fiction” in regulating human behavior, that if people knew neither exists, they would go berserk.
We can debate the degree to which the claim is true some other time.
But for now: what the claim often misses is the fact that heaven and hell divisions do not exist in many ancient and contemporary religions, and that adherents do not become sociopaths because of this.
Ever since my “Christian-Babalawo” grandfather told me that proto-Yoruba cosmology does not conceive of Hell, I started to imagine that perhaps people did not require portents of a fiery pit to be on their best behavior.
Perhaps if Kunle Afolayan knew my grandpa, his second season of Anikulapo, which is set in 17th-century Oyo Empire, would not have depicted Hell. It’s clearly an anachronism, a case of Afolayan retrojecting his Christian influence onto ancient Yorubas. (I suspect Mr. Afolayan also bears Greek influence, perhaps from watching Hercules or Clash of the Titans, because the pathway to Hell in Anikulapo resembles the River Styx.)
Like Yorubas, ancient Israelites did not conceive of Hell, and thought both good and bad people went to Sheol after death. This is not Hell, but rather a permanent state of unconsciousness. Ancient Jews would only start to develop afterlife concepts from the 6th century BCE after being exiled to Babylon. So it could have been a theodicean response to their predicament, but also because in exile they interacted with Persian/Zoroastrian culture, which had well-developed ideas of heaven and Hell, although scholars debate the degree to which Zoroastrianism had an impact.
Further developments of afterlife concepts in Judaism would happen because of both Greek influence and persecution, especially during the Maccabean Revolt period in the 2nd century BCE.
Even in Jesus’ time, it was not a settled matter, with various Jewish sects having different ideas about the afterlife. The Sadducees, for example, thought death was final. Like Ivan Drago, they thought if you die, you die.
Christianity also did not have heaven and hell divisions from the outset. The earliest Christians, like the historical Jesus and Paul, were Jewish apocalypticists who believed the world as they knew it may end in their lifetime, an event they believed would see the wicked destroyed permanently (not “eternally”), while the righteous live on earth with the messiah-king.
It was only when parousia (the Second Coming of Jesus) did not happen as soon as they thought it would that Christians, who were influenced by Platonism and Greek thought, started to reinterpret their earlier views and develop the concepts of heaven and hell.
So... are heaven and hell really “necessary fiction” if many cultures did just fine without them?