For research mining & algorithmic tag purposes-
Source: uploaded PDF pages after the Volume II title page.
Continuing from the uploaded PDF’s **List of Engravings** pages.
## LIST OF ENGRAVINGS.
### VOLUME I. continued
**Fig. 35** Longitudinal section of the root of ditto, (id.) . . . 96
**36** Capsule of bulb of ditto laid open, (id.) . . . 96
**37** Muscle in a state of relaxation . . . 101
**38** The same muscle contracted . . . 101
**39** Diagram illustrating the action of oblique muscles . . . 101
**40** Semi-penniform muscle . . . 101
**41** Penniform muscle . . . 101
**42** Complex muscle . . . 101
**43** Tendon of muscle . . . 101
**44** Trapezius muscle . . . 101
**45** Muscular structure of the Ear-drum, (Home) . . . 105
**46** Orbicular muscle of the Eye-lids, (Albinus) . . . 105
**47** Muscular structure of the Iris, (Home) . . . 105
**48** Muscular fibres of a sucking disk . . . 105
**49** Longitudinal muscular fibres of a blood vessel . . . 106
**50** Transverse muscular fibres of ditto . . . 106
**51** Muscular fibres of the human stomach, (Cooper) . . . 106
**52** Muscular fibres of the heart, (id.) . . . 106
**53** Magnified view of a Sponge, (Grant) . . . 114
**54** Spicula in the texture of a Sponge, (id.) . . . 114
**55** Gemmule of a Sponge, (id.) . . . 114
**56** *Lobularia Alcyonium pelagica*, (Deterville) . . . 122
**57** Detached polype of ditto, (id.) . . . 122
**58** *Zoanthus*, (*Actinia sociata*,) (Ellis) . . . 122
**59** *Hydra viridis*, (Trembley) . . . 122
**60** *Sertularia pelagica*, (Deterville) . . . 124
**61** *Tubipora musica*, (Ellis) . . . 125
**62** Section and polypes of ditto, magnified, (id.) . . . 125
**63** *Flustra carbasea*, (id.) . . . 125
**64** Cells of ditto, magnified, (id.) . . . 125
**65** *Corallium rubrum*, (id.) . . . 125
**66** Polypes of ditto, magnified, (id.) . . . 125
**67** Section of *Gorgonia Briareus*, (id.) . . . 125
**68** *Isis hippuris*, (id.) . . . 125
**69** Polype of *Flustra carbasea*, (Grant) . . . 129
**70** Tentaculum of ditto, magnified, (id.) . . . 129
**71** *Pennatula phosphorea*, (Ellis) . . . 131
**72** Magnified view of the polypes of ditto, (id.) . . . 131
**73 to 76** Mode of progression of the *Hydra viridis*, (Trembley) . . . 133
**77** *Vorticella cyathina*, (Muller) . . . 136
**78** *Proteus diffluens*, (id.) . . . 139
**79** *Volvox globator*, (id.) . . . 139
**80** *Brachionus urceolaris*, (id.) . . . 140
---
**81** *Medusa Pulmo*, (Macri) . . . 142
**82** *Beroe ovatus*, (Bruguiere) . . . 144
**83** *Beroe pileus*, (id.) . . . 144
**84** *Velella limbosa*, (Guérin) . . . 144
**85** *Physalia atlantica*, (id.) . . . 144
**86** *Actinia rufa*, (original) . . . 146
**87** Ditto expanded, (original) . . . 146
**88** *Asterias serrulata*, (Bruguiere) . . . 147
**89** *Asterias regularis*, (id.) . . . 147
**90** *Echinus Ananchites ovata*, (id.) . . . 147
**91** *Clypeaster rosaceus*, (id.) . . . 147
**92** *Ophiura lacertosa*, (id.) . . . 147
**93** *Euryale muricatum*, (id.) . . . 147
**94** *Pentacrinus europæus*, (Thomson) . . . 147
**95** Ambulacra, and feet of *Asterias*, viewed from the under side, (Reaumur) . . . 148
**96** Ditto, viewed from the upper side, (id.) . . . 148
**97** Vesicles appended to the feet of the *Asterias* . . . 148
**98** Polygonal pieces composing the test of the *Echinus* . . . 150
**99** Structure of a detached piece of ditto . . . 150
**100** Spine of the *Cidaris*, (Carus) . . . 150
**101** Shell of *Unio batava*, (Goldfuss) . . . 159
**102** Adductor muscle of Oyster, (Hunterian Museum) . . . 160
**103** Shell of *Pholas candida*, with abductor muscle, (Osler) . . . 161
**104** Foot of *Cardium edule*, (Reaumur) . . . 162
**105** *Planorbus cornutus*, (Cuvier) . . . 166
**106** Magnified view of the striæ on the surface of Mother of Pearl, (Herschel) . . . 169
**107** Directions of the fibres in the component strata of shells . . . 170
**108** Shell of *Achatina zebra*, (De Blainville) . . . 176
**109** Longitudinal section of ditto, (id.) . . . 176
**110** Shell of *Pterocerus scorpio*, at an early stage of growth, (id.) . . . 178
**111** Shell of the same when completely formed, (id.) . . . 178
**112** Shell of *Cyprea exanthema* at an early period of growth, (id.) . . . 178
**113** Shell of the same animal, when completed, (id.) . . . 178
**114** Transverse section of the shell of the *Cyprea exanthema*, (Hunterian Museum) . . . 179
**115** Shell of *Conus* . . . 181
**116** Longitudinal section of the same, (original) . . . 181
**117** Transverse section of the same, (Bruguiere) . . . 181
**118** Inner surface of the Epiphragma of the *Helix pomatia*, (De Blainville) . . . 183
---
**119** Outer surface of the same, (id.) . . . 183
**120** *Clio borealis*, (Cuvier) . . . 186
**121** *Sepia loligo*, (De Blainville) . . . 187
**122** Suckers of the same, (id.) . . . 187
**123** Suckers of the Octopus, (original) . . . 187
**124** Shell of *Spirula australis*, (De Blainville) . . . 191
**125** Longitudinal section of the same, (id.) . . . 191
**126** Shell of *Nautilus pompilius*, (id.) . . . 191
**127** Longitudinal section of the same, (id.) . . . 191
**128** *Pontobdella muricata*, (Bruguiere) . . . 195
**129** *Nereis*, (id.) . . . 195
**130** *Erpobdella vulgaris*, Lam. *Hirudo hyalina* . . . 195
**131** Diagram illustrating the rings and muscles of *Annelida*, (original) . . . 195
**132** *Gordius aquaticus* . . . 198
**133** *Serpula opercularia* . . . 198
**134** *Terebella conchilega*, (De Blainville) . . . 198
**135** *Arenicola piscatorum*, or *Lumbricus marinus* . . . 198
**136** *Aranea diadema*, (Roesel) . . . 202
**137** Divisions of the limb of a Crustaceous animal . . . 205
**138** Mandible and palpus of *Mysis Fabricii*, (Bruguiere) . . . 205
**139 to 141** Feet-jaws belonging to the first, second, and third pairs, (id.) . . . 205
**142** True foot, belonging to the first pair, (id.) . . . 205
**143** *Julus terrestris* . . . 213
**144** Muscles of the trunk of the *Melolontha vulgaris*, (Straus Durckheim) . . . 214
**145** Eggs of *Bombyx mori* . . . 217
**146** Larva of the same . . . 217
**147** Pupa of the same . . . 217
**148** Imago of the same . . . 217
**148*** A Caterpillar of the *Phalæna striaria*, (Hubner) . . . 224
**B** The same in a rigid position, (Lyonet) . . . 224
**149** *Calosoma Sycophanta*, (Kirby and Spence) . . . 227
**150** Analysis of skeleton of the same, (Carus) . . . 228
**151** Hind view of the segment of the head in the same, (id.) . . . 228
**152** Suckers on the foot of the *Musca vomitoria*, expanded; magnified view, (Bauer) . . . 235
**153** Cushions on the foot of the *Cimex lutea*, magnified, (id.) . . . 235
**154** Suckers on the under side of the foot of a male *Dytiscus marginalis*, (id.) . . . 235
**155** Cushions and sucker of the *Acridium biguttulum*, Latr., (id.) . . . 235
---
**156** *Dytiscus marginalis*, upper side, (Roesel) . . . 237
**157** Lower side of the same insect, (id.) . . . 237
**158** *Notonecta glauca*, (Roesel) . . . 238
**158*** Fore leg of *Gryllotalpa*, (Kidd) . . . 242
**159** Wing of *Gryllus nasutus*. Orthoptera . . . 246
**160** Wing of *Libellula grandis*. Neuroptera . . . 246
**161** Wing of *Ichneumon persuasorius*. Hymenoptera . . . 246
**162** Wing of *Tipula oleracea*. Diptera . . . 246
**163** Sting of *Anthophora retusa*, (original) . . . 248
**164** Separate scales of the wing of *Hesperia Sloanus*, (original) . . . 250
**165** Arrangement of the scales in the wing of the same . . . 250
**172** Longitudinal section of the thigh-bone to show the cancellated structure, (Cheselden) . . . 262
**173** Longitudinal section of the humerus, (id.) . . . 262
**174** Ossification of the parietal bone, (id.) . . . 265
**175** Early stage of ossification of the bones of the skull, (Cloquet) . . . 265
**176** The same in the adult, showing the sutures . . . 265
**177** Dorsal vertebra, human . . . 271
**178** Junction of vertebræ forming the spinal column . . . 271
**179** Longitudinal section of the same, showing the spinal canal . . . 271
**180** Elements of structure of a vertebra, (Carus) . . . 274
**181** Skeleton of Hog, (Pander and D’Alton) . . . 279
**182** Sternum, clavicle, and scapula; human . . . 279
**184** Skeleton of *Cyprinus carpio*, (Bonnaterre) . . . 286
**185** Diagram illustrating the progressive motion of Fishes . . . 287
**186** Front view of the vertebra of a Cod, (*Gadus morrhua*) . . . 288
**187** Side view of the same . . . 288
**188** Vertical and longitudinal section of a part of the spinal column in the same . . . 288
**189** A similar section, showing the gradation of structure . . . 288
**190** Similar section in the *Squalus centrina*, (Carus) . . . 288
**191** Bones of the shoulder of the *Lophius piscatorius*, (id.) . . . 293
**192** Pectoral fin of the *Raia clavata*, (id.) . . . 293
**193** Belt of bones of the shoulder of a Ray, (id.) . . . 294
**194** Muscular system of *Cyprinus alburnus*, (id.) . . . 295
**195** Air bladder of *Cyprinus carpio*, (Blasius) . . . 298
**196** Eggs of the Frog . . . 303
**197** Side view of Tadpole magnified, (Rusconi) . . . 303
**198** Upper view of the same, (id.) . . . 303
**199** Adult Frog . . . 303
**200** Skeleton of Frog, (Cheselden) . . . 306
**201** Skeleton of the Viper . . . 310
Next
Continuing the **List of Engravings** from the uploaded PDF.
## LIST OF ENGRAVINGS.
### VOLUME I. continued
**202** Ribs and spine of *Boa constrictor*, (Home) . . . 312
**203** Bones of the foot of the same, (Mayer) . . . 311
**204** Muscles moving the claw of the same, (id.) . . . 311
**205** Rudimental bones of the foot of the *Tortryx scytale*, (id.) . . . 311
**206** - of the *Tortrix corallinus*, (id.) . . . 311
**207** - of the *Anguis fragilis*, (id.) . . . 311
**208** - of the *Amphisbaena alba*, (id.) . . . 311
**209** - of the *Coluber pullutatus*, (id.) . . . 311
**210** *Chalcides pentadactylus*, (Bonnaterre) . . . 311
**211** Under surface of the foot of the *Lacerta gecko*, magnified four times, (Bauer) . . . 319
**212** Side view of a longitudinal section of the same, (id.) . . . 319
**213** Skeleton of the Tortoise, (Carus) . . . 322
**214** Section of the thigh bone of the same, (id.) . . . 322
**215** Hind view of skull of *Testudo mydas*, (id.) . . . 325
**216** Bones sustaining the fin of the *Delphinus phocena*, (Pander and D’Alton) . . . 336
**217** Fore part of the Skeleton of an Ox with the *ligamentum nuchae*, (original) . . . 346
**218** Skeleton of the Stag, (Cheselden) . . . 350
**218*** a. Longitudinal section of the horn of an Ox, (original) . . . 355
b. Ditto of an Antelope, (original) . . . 355
c. Extremity of the same, (original) . . . 355
**219** Subcutaneous muscles of the Hedge-hog, relaxed, (Carus) . . . 364
**220** The same muscles contracted, and drawn over the body, (Cuvier) . . . 364
**221** Skeleton of the Lion, (Pander and D’Alton) . . . 365
**222** Skeleton of *Draco volans*, (Tiedemann) . . . 379
**223** Skeleton of *Vespertilio Molossus*, (Temminck) . . . 380
**224** Skeleton of the Swan, (Cheselden) . . . 385
**225** Lateral section of the cervical vertebra of the Ostrich, (original) . . . 388
**226** Fibrils of the vane of a feather, magnified, (original) . . . 393
**227** Edges of the fibres, magnified, (original) . . . 393
**228** Feather, showing its structure, (F. Cuvier) . . . 396
**229** Capsule, or Matrix of the feather, (id.) . . . 396
**230** View of the parts enclosed in the Capsule, when laid open, (id.) . . . 396
**231** Section of the stem, while growing, exhibiting the series of conical membranes, (id.) . . . 396
**233** Extensor muscles of the foot and toes of a bird, (Borelli) . . . 405
**234** Position of a bird in roosting, (id.) . . . 405
---
## VOLUME II.
**239** Cyclosis, or partial circulation in the cells of the *Caulinia fragilis*, magnified, (Amici) . . . 42
**240** The same in the jointed hair of the *Tradescantia virginica*, (Slack) . . . 42
**241** Section of the *Hydra viridis*, magnified, (Trembley) . . . 58
**242** *Hydra viridis* seizing a worm, (id.) . . . 59
**243** The same after swallowing a minnow, (id.) . . . 59
**244** A Hydra which has swallowed another of its own species, (id.) . . . 59
**245** Compound Hydra, with seven heads, (id.) . . . 59
**246** *Veretilla lutea*, showing the communicating vessels of the Polypes, (Quoy et Gaimard) . . . 64
**247** Nutrient vessels of the *Tenia solium*, (Chiaje) . . . 64
**248** *Tenia globosa*, or Hydatid of the Hog, (Goeze) . . . 64
**249** Horizontal section of the *Rhizostoma Cuvieri*, Peron, (Eysenhardt) . . . 67
**250** *Geronia Hexaphylla*, Peron, *Medusa proboscidalis*, (Forskal) . . . 67
**251** Vascular net-work in margin of the disk of the *Rhizostoma Cuvieri*, (Eysenhardt) . . . 67
**252** Vertical section of the *Rhizostoma Cuvieri*, (id.) . . . 68
**253** Transverse section of one of the arms of the same, (id.) . . . 68
**254** Transverse section of the extremity of a tentaculum of the same, (id.) . . . 68
**255** *Leucophra patula*, highly magnified, (Ehrenberg) . . . 73
**256** Alimentary canal and ceca of the same, viewed separately, (id.) . . . 73
**257** Vertical section of the *Actinia coriacea*, (Spix) . . . 75
**258** Digestive organs of the *Asterias*, (Tiedemann) . . . 76
**259** Stomachs of the *Nais vermicularis*, (Roesel) . . . 77
**260** Stomachs of the *Hirudo medicinalis*, (original) . . . 78
**261** Mouth of the same, showing the three semicircular teeth, (original) . . . 78
**262** Tooth of the same, detached, (original) . . . 78
**263** *Glossopora tuberculata*; *Hirudo complanata*, Lin., (Johnson) . . . 78
**264** The same seen from the under side, showing the digestive organs, (id.) . . . 78
**265** Diagram showing the arrangement and connexions of the organs of the vital functions in Vertebrata, (original) . . . 81
---
**266** Spiral probosces of *Papilio urticae*, (Griffith) . . . 87
**267** Trophi of *Locusta viridissima*, (Goldfuss) . . . 92
**268** Filaments composing the rostrum, or proboscis, of the *Cimex nigricornis*, (Savigny) . . . 94
**269** Sheath of the proboscis of the same insect, (id.) . . . 94
**270** Toothed cartilage of the *Helix pomatia*, (Cuvier) . . . 95
**271** Mechanism for projecting and retracting the tongue of the Woodpecker, (original) . . . 99
**272** Laminae of Whalebone descending from the palate of the *Balena mysticetus*, (Bonnaterre) . . . 102
**273** Teeth of the *Delphinus phocena*, (Cloquet) . . . 106
**274** Skull of Tiger, (Cuvier) . . . 108
**275** Skull of Antelope, (Pander and D’Alton) . . . 109
**276** Skull of Rat, (id.) . . . 110
**277** Longitudinal section of simple tooth, (Rousseau) . . . 111
**278** Surface of the grinding tooth of a Horse, (Home) . . . 111
**279** Surface of the grinding tooth of a Sheep, (id.) . . . 111
**280** Longitudinal section of the incisor tooth of the Rodentia . . . 111
**281** Vertical section of the grinding tooth of the Elephant, (Home) . . . 114
**282** Grinding tooth of the African Elephant, (id.) . . . 114
**283** Grinding tooth of the Asiatic Elephant, (id.) . . . 114
**284** Succession of teeth in the Crocodile, (Carus) . . . 120
**285** Venomous fang of the *Coluber naia*, (Smith) . . . 121
**286** Transverse section of the same, (id.) . . . 121
**287** The same tooth, at an earlier period of growth, (id.) . . . 121
**288** The same, still less advanced in its growth, (id.) . . . 121
**289** Base of the former, (id.) . . . 121
**290** Base of the latter, (id.) . . . 121
**291** Transverse section of the young fang, about its middle, (id.) . . . 121
**292** A section, similar to the last, of another species of serpent, (id.) . . . 121
**293** *Squalus pristis*. Under side of its snout, (Latham) . . . 122
**294** Interior of the Stomach of a Lobster, (original) . . . 123
**295** Gastric teeth of *Bulla aperta*, (Cuvier) . . . 123
**298** Gizzard of the Swan, (Home) . . . 124
**299** Crop and gizzard of the Parrot, (id.) . . . 131
**300** Crop of the Pigeon, (id.) . . . 131
**301** Human stomach, (id.) . . . 133
**302** Interior of the stomach of the African Ostrich, (id.) . . . 135
**303** Gastric glands of the same, (id.) . . . 135
**304** Gastric glands of the American Ostrich, (id.) . . . 135
**305** Longitudinal section of the gastric glands of the Beaver, (id.) . . . 135
**306** Stomach of Dormouse, (id.) . . . 139
Next
Continuing the **List of Engravings - Volume II** from the uploaded PDF.
## LIST OF ENGRAVINGS.
### VOLUME II. continued
**307** Stomach of *Hyrax capensis*, (Cuvier) . . . 139
**308** Stomach of Porcupine, (id.) . . . 139
**309** Stomach of Kanguroo, (id.) . . . 139
**310** Stomach of *Delphinus phocena*, (id.) . . . 139
**311** Cardiac valve of the Horse, (Gurlt) . . . 140
**312** The four stomachs of a Sheep, (Carus) . . . 141
**313** Inner surface of the honey-comb stomach, (Home) . . . 141
**314** Inner surface of the many-plies stomach of an Ox, (id.) . . . 141
**315** Interior cellular surface of the second stomach of the Camel, (id.) . . . 141
**316** Spiral valve in the intestine of the Shark, (Blasius) . . . 149
**317** Digestive organs of the *Mantis religiosa*, (Marcel de Serres) . . . 153
**318** *Melolontha vulgaris*, (Léon Dufour) . . . 154
**319** *Cicindela campestris*, (id.) . . . 154
**320** Portion of a hepatic vessel of the *Melolontha*, highly magnified, (Straus Durckheim) . . . 155
**321** Alimentary canal of the *Acrida aptera*, (original) . . . 155
**322** Interior of the gizzard of the same, magnified, (original) . . . 155
**323** Row of large teeth in the same, still more magnified, (original) . . . 155
**324** Profile of one of those teeth, still more highly magnified, (original) . . . 155
**325** Base of the same tooth, seen from below, (original) . . . 155
**326** Alimentary canal of the Larva of the *Sphinx ligustri*, (original) . . . 157
**327** - of the Pupa of the same, (original) . . . 157
**328** - of the Imago of the same, (original) . . . 157
**329** - of the *Patella*, (Cuvier) . . . 159
**330** Stomachs of the *Pleurobranchus Peronii*, (id.) . . . 159
**331** Pyloric appendices in the Salmon, (id.) . . . 160
---
**333** Detached Dorsal vessel of *Melolontha vulgaris*, (Straus Durckheim) . . . 172
**334** The same, with its ligamentous and muscular attachments, (id.) . . . 172
**335** Side view of the anterior extremity of the same vessel, (id.) . . . 172
**336** Section of the dorsal vessel, to show its valves, (id.) . . . 172
**337** Circulation in the antenna of the *Semblis viridis*, (Carus) . . . 175
**338** Course of circulation in the same insect, (id.) . . . 175
**339** Dorsal vessel of the Caterpillar of the *Sphinx ligustri*, side view, (original) . . . 177
**340** The same in the Chrysalis, (original) . . . 177
**341** The same in the Moth, (original) . . . 177
**342** The same viewed from above, (original) . . . 177
**343** Magnified lateral view of the anterior extremity of the dorsal vessel, (original) . . . 177
**344** Magnified dorsal view of the same, (original) . . . 177
**345** Structure of the valves of the dorsal vessel, (original) . . . 177
**346** Heart and vessels of the *Aranea domestica*, (Treviranus) . . . 180
**346*** Circulation in the *Planaria nigra*, (Dugés) . . . 181
**347** Course of circulation in the *Erpobdella vulgaris*, (Morren) . . . 183
**348** Vessels in abdominal surface of the same, (id.) . . . 183
**349** Vascular dilatations, or hearts of the *Lumbricus terrestris*, (Morren) . . . 184
**350** Cavities and great vessels of the Heart . . . 187
**351** The Heart laid open to show its Valves . . . 188
**352** Plan of simple circulation . . . 189
**353** Plan of double circulation . . . 191
**354** Branchial circulation in *Maia squinado*, (Audouin) . . . 193
**355** Organs of circulation in the *Loligo sagittata*, (id.) . . . 195
**356** Plan of circulation in Fishes . . . 196
**357** Plan of circulation in Batrachia . . . 197
**359** Plan of double or warm-blooded circulation . . . 199
**360** Heart of the Dugong, (Home) . . . 200
---
**365** Valves of the Veins, (Cloquet) . . . 206
**366** Heart, branchial artery and gills of a fish, (Blasius) . . . 216
**367** Branchial apertures in the *Squalus glaucus*, (Bonnaterre) . . . 216
**368** Branchial apertures in the *Petromyzon marinus*, (id.) . . . 216
**369** Internal structure of the branchiae of the same, (Home) . . . 216
**370** Stigmata in the abdominal surface of the *Dytiscus marginalis*, (Léon Dufour) . . . 222
**371** Stigmata of the *Cerambyx heros*, Fab., magnified, (id.) . . . 222
**372** Longitudinal tracheae of *Carabus auratus*, (id.) . . . 222
**373** Air vesicles and tracheae of the *Scolia hortorum*, Fab., highly magnified, (id.) . . . 222
**374** Respiratory apparatus of the *Scorpio europaeus*, (Treviranus) . . . 225
**375** Internal structure of the lungs of the Turtle, (Bojanus) . . . 229
**377** Air cells of the Ostrich, (Parisian Academicians) . . . 233
**378** Lymphatic Absorbents . . . 250
**379** Passage of Nerves through a ganglion . . . 255
**380** Plexus of Nerves . . . 255
**381** Varieties of forms of antennae of Insects, (Goldfuss) . . . 272
**382** Vertical and longitudinal section of the right nostril in man . . . 283
**383** Vertical transverse section of the same . . . 284
**384** Transverse section of the nostril of a Sheep, (Harwood) . . . 285
**385** Turbinated bones of the Seal, (id.) . . . 285
---
**386** Turbinated bones of the Turkey, (id.) . . . 287
**387** Nerves distributed to the bill of the Duck, (id.) . . . 288
**388** Nasal cavities of the *Perca fluviatilis*, (Cuvier) . . . 291
**389** Nasal cavity of the *Raia batis*, or Skate, (Harwood) . . . 291
**390** Human ear, (Cloquet) . . . 299
**391** Posterior surface of the cavity of the tympanum, (id.) . . . 301
**392** *Ossicula auditus*, or small bones of the tympanum . . . 301
**393** The position of the latter in the tympanum . . . 301
**394** Magnified view of the labyrinth detached from the surrounding parts, (Breschet) . . . 303
**395** Interior structure of the labyrinth, (id.) . . . 304
**396** Membranous labyrinth, with its nerves, (id.) . . . 304
**397** Cretaceous bodies in the labyrinth of the Dog, (id.) . . . 304
**398** Ditto in that of the Hare, (id.) . . . 304
**399** Organ of hearing in the Lobster, (Carus) . . . 308
**400** Groove in the sac of the former, (id.) . . . 308
**401** Organ of hearing in the *Astacus fluviatilis*, (id.) . . . 308
**402** Interior view of the same, (id.) . . . 308
**403** Membranous labyrinth of the *Lophius piscatorius*, (id.) . . . 310
**404** Organ of hearing in the Frog, (Bell) . . . 311
**405** Ear of the Turkey, (Carus) . . . 311
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**406** Diagram illustrating one mode of obtaining images of objects, (original) . . . 319
**407** Simple Camera Obscura . . . 320
**408** Law of the refraction of a ray of light . . . 321
**409** Convergence of rays to a focus . . . 322
**410** Convergence by a double convex lens . . . 324
**411** Spherical Aberration . . . 324
**412** Variations of focal distance consequent upon variations of divergence of the incident rays . . . 325
**415** Horizontal section of right human eye, magnified, (Home) . . . 326
**416** Straight and oblique muscles of the eye-ball . . . 328
**417** Lacrymal apparatus . . . 330
**418** Eye of *Helix pomatia*, (Muller) . . . 339
**419** Stemmata of Caterpillar, (Marcel de Serres) . . . 342
**420** Eye of the *Scorpio tunensis*, (Muller) . . . 342
**421** Conglomerate eyes of *Julus terrestris*, (Kirby and Spence) . . . 342
**422** External magnified view of the compound eye of the *Melolontha vulgaris*, (Straus Durckheim) . . . 344
**423** Ditto of that of a *Phalena* . . . 344
**424** Section of the compound eye of the *Libellula vulgata*, magnified, (Dugés) . . . 344
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