83 years ago today, the U.S. Army signed a contract that launched an entire industry.
April 9, 1943. The University of Pennsylvania was hired to build a machine that didn't exist yet. The project became ENIAC. Almost everything we now call "compute" traces back to it.
The motivation was brutally practical. The Army needed artillery firing tables. The people doing that work, mostly women with math degrees holding the literal job title of "computer," were taking days per trajectory by hand. In wartime, days are lives.
John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert threw out mechanical computation entirely and went fully electronic. What they delivered was almost mythological. 30 tons of machine. 18,000 vacuum tubes. Enough power draw that local legend claims the lights dimmed across West Philadelphia when they switched it on. It ran 5,000 calculations per second, which sounds modest until you remember the competition was a room full of exhausted humans with pencils.
Programming it makes modern engineers wince. No software. No operating system. Running a new problem meant physically rewiring the machine, dragging cables, flipping switches, rebuilding the logic path by hand. Imagine deploying a model by re-soldering your GPU.
The programmers were six women: Kay McNulty, Betty Jennings, Betty Snyder, Marlyn Wescoff, Fran Bilas, and Ruth Lichterman. They invented the discipline of programming in real time, with no manual and no precedent. When ENIAC was unveiled to the press in 1946, the men got the photo op. The women were assumed to be models posing next to the hardware.
What ENIAC delivered wasn't just speed. It was an idea. One physical machine, reconfigurable to solve any problem you could express in math. That concept is the through-line from vacuum tubes to hyperscale data centers, from punch cards to agentic AI workflows. Every cloud region, every foundation model, every software-defined anything is a descendant of that 1943 contract.
When we talk about training runs costing hundreds of millions, we're standing on a foundation poured by engineers solving an artillery problem with glass tubes and women whose names took 50 years to surface.
The hardware is unrecognizable. The core bet is identical.
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