Asseco Poland: The Software Company Running Central Europe's Banks — And Trading at Half the Multiple It Deserves 34 years of profitability. 33,000 employees. 60 countries. The largest software company in Central and Eastern Europe runs NATO's incident response systems, Poland's tax authority, and virtually every bank in the region — and almost no Western investor has heard of it. Why a $4.5 Billion Revenue Software Company Is Essentially Unknown to Western Investors There is a company headquartered in the same city as PZL Mielec — the factory building Black Hawks and F-16 components for Lockheed Martin. It has been profitable every single year since 1991. It employs 33,752 people across 60 countries. Its software processes transactions in virtually every retail bank in Central Europe. It built NATO's Computer Incident Response Capability. It supplies battlefield management software and military drones to the Polish Armed Forces. It is the largest software company in Central and Eastern Europe, listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange, and a constituent of the WIG20 — Poland's blue-chip index. That company is Asseco Poland S.A. (WSE: ACP). And if you asked a senior analyst at a major Western European or American asset manager to name it, there is a reasonable probability they could not. The reason is not business quality — the business quality is exceptional. The reason is geography. Asseco is listed in Warsaw, reports in Polish złoty, and its primary operating market is Central and Eastern Europe — a region that Western investment institutions have systematically underweighted since the post-2008 era and which remains, despite Poland's 2017 FTSE Russell upgrade to Developed Market status, structurally undercovered by English-language financial research. The consequence is a valuation gap that is not justified by fundamentals and that patient investors with the conviction to look east can exploit. From a Ketchup Factory in Rzeszów to Central Europe's Largest Software Group The origin story of Asseco is improbable in the way that only genuinely exceptional businesses tend to be. Adam Góral — an economist, not an engineer — founded COMP Rzeszów on 18 January 1991, the same year the Soviet Union began its final collapse and Poland was navigating the chaotic transition from command economy to market capitalism. The company was initially established within a food processing business; Góral recognised that the most urgent need in Poland's rapidly deregulating banking and public sector was not food but software — specifically, the kind of localised, compliant, mission-critical systems that transitioning Polish banks and government agencies desperately needed and that Western software companies were not going to build for a market they did not yet understand. That insight — that local knowledge and regulatory fluency in an emerging market is a durable competitive moat — has remained the intellectual foundation of the Asseco strategy for 34 years. The company grew by solving problems that required understanding Polish law, Polish banking regulation, and Polish government procurement processes in ways that imported software simply could not. Revenue came initially from bespoke development contracts and long-term maintenance agreements with banks and state institutions. Those early relationships, built on specific local expertise, became extraordinarily sticky. 1991 · FOUNDATION COMP Rzeszów — Born in the Transition Adam Góral founds COMP Rzeszów in Subcarpathian Voivodeship. First clients: Polish banks and state institutionsnavigating the transition to market economy and desperately needing localised compliant software. The founding model — long-term maintenance contracts with mission-critical institutional clients — establishes the commercial DNA that still defines the company. 2004 · FIRST INTERNATIONAL STEP & GPW LISTING Asset Soft Acquisition, Rename, and Warsaw Stock Exchange Debut COMP Rzeszów acquires Slovak software company Asset Soft — its first international move — and is renamed Asseco. The company lists on the Warsaw Stock Exchange on 27 September 2004 under ticker ACP. This debut provides the capital base for the acquisition-driven expansion that follows. The IPO is a landmark: Asseco is one of the first significant Central European software companies to access public capital markets. 2006–2007 · POLISH SOFTWARE CONSOLIDATION Softbank and Prokom — Building the Domestic Platform Asseco acquires two of Poland's most significant software competitors: Softbank (formerly the largest Polish IT company, then renamed Asseco Poland S.A. in 2007) and Prokom Software. These deals make Asseco unambiguously the dominant Polish IT company, with the government, banking, and healthcare software relationships of all three legacy businesses now under one roof. The combined entity becomes the reference IT supplier for Polish public administration. 2010 · FORMULA SYSTEMS — THE ISRAELI PIVOT Acquiring a Stake in NASDAQ-Listed Israeli Technology Holding Asseco acquires a controlling stake in Formula Systems (1985) Ltd., a publicly listed Israeli technology holding company traded on both NASDAQ (FORTY) and the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange. Formula's subsidiaries include Magic Software Enterprises, Sapiens International Corporation (insurance software, $1.8B NASDAQ market cap), and Matrix IT (Israeli cybersecurity, cloud, and big data). This single acquisition transforms Asseco from a Central European IT company into a genuinely global holding group with exposure to Israeli and US technology markets. 2010–2024 · 160 ACQUISITIONS Three Decades of Compounding Through Acquisition Asseco executes over 160 acquisitions across its history, expanding across Asseco South Eastern Europe (SEE), Asseco South Western Europe (SWE), Asseco Central Europe, and Asseco International. The federated model — buying local market leaders, keeping management in place, cross-selling across client bases — closely mirrors the playbook of Constellation Software (TSX: CSU) and its European offshoot Topicus, a comparison that becomes directly relevant in 2025. JANUARY–OCTOBER 2025 · THE CONSTELLATION SOFTWARE ENDORSEMENT Topicus / TSS Acquires 24.84% — The Most Important Signal in Asseco's History In January 2025, Topicus.com (TSXV: TOI) — a publicly listed subsidiary of Constellation Software, perhaps the most celebrated acquirer of vertical market software in the world — purchases 9.99% of Asseco Poland from Cyfrowy Polsat at PLN 85 per share. By October 2025, after regulatory approvals, its subsidiary TSS completes the purchase of a further 14.84% treasury stake. Total TSS/Topicus stake: 24.84%. The PLN 85 acquisition price was described by analysts at Outsider's Corner as paying "8x EV/EBITDA for LTM figures" — a valuation discipline that Constellation Software has practiced across hundreds of acquisitions. They bought at that price. The market has subsequently moved the stock well above it. Who Owns Asseco — And Why the Constellation Connection Changes Everything 24.84% TSS / TOPICUS.COM · CONSTELLATION SOFTWARE Strategic stake completed October 2025 at PLN 85/share. Topicus is listed on TSX Venture (TOI). Constellation Software (CSU) holds controlling vote in Topicus. This is the most consequential external endorsement in Asseco's history. 10.01% ADAM GÓRAL FAMILY FOUNDATION Founder's vehicle. Góral is transitioning from CEO to Supervisory Board as part of the long-term succession plan aligned with the Topicus partnership. The Family Foundation and TSS have a shareholders' agreement governing joint voting on key matters. ~65% FREE FLOAT · INSTITUTIONAL & RETAIL State Street Global Advisors is a known institutional holder. Cyfrowy Polsat retains a residual position after selling the majority of its stake to Topicus. WIG20 index membership drives passive fund ownership from Polish pension funds (OFE) and ETFs. Why the Topicus stake matters beyond the percentage: Topicus and its parent Constellation Software have deployed billions of dollars acquiring vertical market software businesses across hundreds of transactions. Their valuation discipline is legendary — they do not overpay. When they chose to pay PLN 85 per share for 24.84% of Asseco in 2025, they were expressing a view about the quality and durability of Asseco's competitive position that carries more analytical weight than any third-party equity research note. Constellation Software's track record of compounding returns is among the best in the history of public technology investing. They now sit on Asseco's shareholder register. That is a signal. The Four Businesses Inside One Stock — and Why Each Is Individually Compelling Asseco Poland S.A. (WSE: ACP) is a holding company as much as an operating business. The listed parent provides software and IT services primarily for the Polish market, while controlling a federation of separately operating — and in several cases separately listed — subsidiaries across Europe, Israel, and beyond. Understanding the valuation requires understanding what is inside the box, because the market frequently prices the parent as if the subsidiaries' independently verifiable market values do not exist. THE POLISH DOMESTIC BUSINESS — THE ENGINE In Poland, Asseco is the government's primary IT supplier, the banking sector's dominant core software vendor, and the healthcare system's most embedded technology partner. It built and maintains the tax collection systems for the Polish government — the software processing every corporate and personal tax return filed in the country. It provides core banking systems to Polish banks that have run on Asseco software for decades and have no realistic prospect of changing. It manages the IT infrastructure for the Polish Social Insurance Institution (ZUS), which administers pension and social welfare payments for 38 million people. It builds and operates health records systems under the national e-health programme. In each of these markets, switching costs are so high as to be functionally prohibitive — no bank, tax authority, or national health service changes its core software during a period of normal operations without a multi-year programme costing hundreds of millions of euros and carrying enormous execution risk. DEFENCE AND GOVERNMENT SOFTWARE — THE OVERLOOKED ANGLE Asseco's defence and uniformed services division receives almost no coverage in the English-language financial press despite being one of the most structurally interesting parts of the business. Asseco developed NATO's Computer Incident Response Capability — the alliance's primary cyber incident response system. It has delivered command and control software, battlefield management systems, training simulators, and military logistics platforms to the Polish Ministry of National Defence. It has supplied military UAV systems — specifically the Mayfly drone — to the Polish Armed Forces. It holds the security clearances required to bid on classified defence contracts, and it has been designated a trusted national IT contractor for Poland's ongoing military modernisation programme. This defence exposure is not incidental to the valuation thesis — it is potentially transformative. Poland is spending 4.8% of GDP on defence and executing the largest peacetime military expansion in NATO history. Every platform acquired — 250 Abrams tanks, 96 Apache helicopters, 250 K2 Black Panther tanks, F-35A fighters, POLSARIS satellites — generates a downstream requirement for software: procurement management, inventory tracking, maintenance scheduling, operator training systems, logistics integration, and command networks. Asseco is the trusted incumbent supplier to the institution procuring all of these systems. The software contracts that follow the hardware contracts are, in aggregate, very large numbers — and they are not in any current analyst model we have seen applied to Asseco. The Subsidiaries the Market Is Not Pricing Correctly The Asseco Group operates through three main divisions: Asseco Poland (domestic market), Formula Systems (Israeli and US markets), and Asseco International (rest of the world). Several of these entities are independently listed, creating a verifiable sum-of-parts valuation that consistently exceeds the parent company's market capitalisation — a classic holding company discount that patient investors have historically been rewarded for navigating. Formula Systems (1985) Ltd. ISRAEL · NASDAQ TASE Israeli IT holding. Subsidiaries include Sapiens International ($1.8B NASDAQ cap), Magic Software Enterprises, Matrix IT (cybersecurity, cloud, AI). Asseco holds controlling stake. LISTED: NASDAQ: FORTY · TASE: FORT Asseco South Eastern Europe BALKANS · 16 COUNTRIES Banking, government, and healthcare software across the Western Balkans and southeastern EU. Operations in Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia, Slovenia, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Kosovo, and beyond. LISTED: WSE WARSAW Asseco Business Solutions POLAND · ERP FOCUS ERP software for Polish SMEs and mid-market companies — Microsoft Dynamics and proprietary platforms. Separately listed on WSE with own analyst coverage and dividend. LISTED: WSE WARSAW Asseco South Western Europe PORTUGAL · SPAIN · AFRICA Banking software, payment systems, and government IT for Portuguese, Spanish, and African markets. Portugal's banking sector runs largely on Asseco core banking platforms. LISTED: EURONEXT LISBON Asseco Central Europe CZECH REPUBLIC · SLOVAKIA · HUNGARY Banking and insurance software for Central European markets. Complementary to the Polish domestic business and sharing technology platforms for regional bank clients. PRIVATE Asseco Data Systems POLAND · CYBERSECURITY Poland's leading qualified trust services provider — electronic signatures, document authentication, PKI infrastructure. Operates under EU eIDAS regulation as a national Trusted Service Provider. LISTED: WSE NEWCONNECT The holding company discount is the central analytical opportunity in Asseco Poland. The parent trades at approximately 19–21 times earnings on the Warsaw Stock Exchange. But embedded within that parent are controlling stakes in Formula Systems (whose subsidiary Sapiens International alone carries a NASDAQ market capitalisation exceeding $1.8 billion), Asseco South Eastern Europe (separately listed on WSE), Asseco South Western Europe (listed on Euronext Lisbon), and Asseco Business Solutions (listed on WSE). A rigorous sum-of-the-parts analysis consistently yields an implied value for the parent significantly above its quoted market price. 34 Years of Profitability — The Numbers That Make the Case The backlog is the most important number in the current investment case. A PLN 12.5 billion order backlog growing double digits means Asseco has visibility into its near-term revenue trajectory that most software companies would envy. The backlog is built from long-term government and banking contracts — the kind that are signed for 3–10 year terms, are denominated in złoty (eliminating currency risk for a Polish investor), and are renewed at high rates because switching costs are prohibitive. This is not speculative pipeline — it is contracted revenue, already sold, waiting to be recognised. The 6.6% dividend yield deserves specific emphasis. A profitable, growing, investment-grade-quality software company yielding 6.6% in a European developed market context is genuinely unusual. Western European software companies of comparable quality yield 1–2%. US SaaS companies often yield zero. Asseco has paid and grown its dividend every year, treating capital returns to shareholders as a non-negotiable commitment rather than a discretionary decision. At the current share price of approximately PLN 197, the PLN 13.05 trailing dividend represents one of the most attractive income yields in the Polish equity market. The Multiple That Does Not Reflect the Business Why 19× PE for a CEE Monopoly Software Business Is Too Cheap Asseco Poland currently trades at approximately 19–21 times trailing earnings and around 17–18 times EV/EBITDA on a forward basis. At first glance this does not appear dramatically cheap — but the comparison set matters enormously. A direct peer for Asseco's banking and government software businesses in Western Europe or the US would trade at 25–35 times earnings. Constellation Software itself, whose subsidiary just paid 8× EV/EBITDA for 24.84% of Asseco in 2025, trades at well over 100 times earnings on the TSX. The discount to comparable Western businesses is not driven by business quality — it is driven entirely by geography and the residual institutional bias against CEE equities. Simply Wall St's DCF model currently estimates intrinsic value at PLN 287 per share — a 46% premium to the current price of approximately PLN 197. Analyst consensus targets have been revised upward repeatedly through 2025 and 2026, currently sitting around PLN 142–153 — but note that these targets reflect conservative analyst assumptions and have consistently lagged the actual share price movement. The stock has returned approximately 40% per year over the past three years against earnings growth of only 13% per year — suggesting the market is slowly beginning to appreciate what Constellation Software has already priced in. The sum-of-parts discount is the most mechanically compelling aspect of the valuation. Sapiens International, a Formula Systems subsidiary, is independently listed on NASDAQ with a market capitalisation exceeding $1.8 billion. Magic Software Enterprises trades on NASDAQ. Matrix IT trades on the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange. These are publicly verifiable, real-time market values. Asseco's controlling stake in Formula Systems alone — representing these listed subsidiaries — has a calculable market value that is a meaningful fraction of Asseco Poland's total market capitalisation. The parent is effectively offering its domestic Polish software franchise at a discount to zero relative to the market values of what it owns internationally. Five Reasons to Own Asseco — and Two Risks to Understand -34 years of uninterrupted profitability in a company nobody has heard of outside Poland. In technology investing, this is extraordinarily rare. Most software companies lose money for years before becoming profitable. Asseco has been profitable from effectively its first year of operation, through the 1998 Russian financial crisis, the 2001 dot-com crash, the 2008 global financial crisis, the 2020 pandemic, and the current period of elevated European inflation and energy costs. The business model — long-term contracts with mission-critical institutional clients who cannot switch — produces revenue stability that pure-play SaaS businesses take decades to build. -The Constellation Software endorsement — the most powerful external signal possible. Mark Leonard built Constellation Software into a $90 billion company by buying vertical market software businesses with high switching costs, recurring revenues, and durable competitive moats. His methodology is the most respected in the software investing world. When his subsidiary pays 8× EV/EBITDA for 24.84% of Asseco in 2025, that is not a passive financial investment — it is a strategic vote of confidence in Asseco's business model, management quality, and growth trajectory. The Constellation network also provides Asseco with a playbook for accelerating its own acquisition programme and a partnership with one of the most active buyers of vertical software globally. -Defence modernisation as an underappreciated earnings catalyst. Poland is spending 4.8% of GDP on defence and has signed over 150 major procurement contracts in 2024 alone. Every platform — tank, helicopter, fighter, satellite — generates software requirements downstream. Asseco has NATO-cleared credentials, existing defence relationships, and thirty years of government IT experience that new entrants cannot replicate. The defence software opportunity is completely absent from current analyst models because it does not yet appear in a single meaningful line of Asseco's segment reporting. When it does, it will be a re-rating catalyst. -6.6% dividend yield with a track record of annual growth. For income investors, Asseco offers one of the most attractive yields in the Polish equity market from a company with genuine earnings quality, low leverage, and a committed dividend policy. The combination of a 6% yield and mid-single-digit earnings growth produces a double-digit total return expectation from a WIG20 blue-chip with institutional-quality governance — a combination that simply does not exist at this price in any Western European technology market. -The sum-of-parts discount to listed subsidiary values. his is the single most mechanically defensible valuation argument. The combined market values of Asseco's stakes in Formula Systems, Sapiens International (via Formula), Asseco SEE (WSE listed), Asseco Business Solutions (WSE listed), and Asseco South Western Europe (Euronext listed) can be calculated in real time using public market prices. In multiple analyses, these calculated values exceed or approach the parent's own market capitalisation — implying the domestic Polish software franchise is being obtained at or near zero cost. This situation should not persist indefinitely, and the Topicus/TSS arrival on the register provides the kind of active, sophisticated shareholder base that tends to accelerate the resolution of holding company discounts. -Risk 1 — The GPW Liquidity and Currency Premium. Asseco shares trade on the Warsaw Stock Exchange in Polish złoty. For non-Polish investors, this introduces currency risk relative to euro or dollar portfolios. Daily trading volumes, while adequate for institutional participation, are not comparable to major Western European large-caps. In periods of risk-off sentiment toward Central and Eastern European equities — which occur periodically regardless of specific company quality — Asseco will trade down with the broader market regardless of its own fundamentals. -Risk 2 — The Succession Transition. Adam Góral has been the singular strategic vision behind Asseco for 34 years. His transition from CEO to Supervisory Board, with VP Rafał Kozłowski taking over as CEO, is managed and planned — the Topicus shareholders' agreement provides governance alignment, and the incentive programme for senior managers creates continuity. But founder-CEO transitions in founder-led compounders carry inherent risk, however well-managed, and investors should monitor the first 12–18 months of the Kozłowski tenure carefully. The Software Company the Market Hasn't Finished Discovering The case for Asseco Poland is straightforward once you accept a simple premise: that a company with 34 consecutive years of profitability, a 6.6% dividend yield, a PLN 12.5 billion order backlog, and the endorsement of one of the world's most respected software investors — trading at half the multiple of comparable Western European businesses — represents a structural mispricing driven by geography rather than business quality. That is exactly what Asseco Poland is. The Constellation Software/Topicus investment at PLN 85 per share in 2025 was the moment at which the smart money said clearly and publicly what the valuation implied: this is an exceptional business being sold cheaply because it is listed in Warsaw rather than London, Amsterdam, or New York. The share price has moved above that acquisition price since. It has not yet fully closed the discount to fair value. This is a private report I'm sharing and not investment advice. I do own shares under an investment vehicle.

Amerykanie podjęli błyskawiczną decyzję o zablokowaniu dostępu do modelu Fable - to dla nas, w Unii Europejskiej, absolutnie świetna wiadomość! Spójrzmy prawdzie w oczy: tak potężny i potencjalnie niebezpieczny model prędzej czy później i tak trafiłby pod lupy naszych regulatorów i zostałby zablokowany na mocy jakiejś nowej regulacji. Problem polega na tym, że w realiach brukselskich procedur, konsultacji, kompromisów i poszukiwania konsensusu między 27 państwami, uchwalenie takiej blokady zajęłoby nam co najmniej dwa lata. Trudno sobie nawet wyobrazić, jakie szkody na rynku, w cyberbezpieczeństwie czy infrastrukturze cyfrowej mógłby wyrządzić tak zaawansowany model w tym czasie. Na szczęście Waszyngton zadziałał jak nasz darmowy, zewnętrzny filtr bezpieczeństwa. Zrobił to za nas, natychmiastowo! Dzięki temu w Europie nie musimy marnować setek godzin na pisanie kolejnych kilkusetstronicowych aneksów regulacyjnych. Możemy wreszcie odetchnąć i skupić się na tym, co wychodzi nam najlepiej: na projektach niszowych, ultrabezpiecznych, w 100% zgodnych z procedurami i… całkowicie nieprzydatnych rynkowo. Bazując na unijnych tradycjach grantowych, oto kilka kierunków technologicznych, którymi UE może się teraz na spokojnie zająć. ☕Zrównoważony System Monitorowania Kawiarki (EU-Green-Coffee-ID): W pełni zgodny z RODO i dyrektywą CSDDD system oparty na blockchainie, który śledzi ślad węglowy każdego pojedynczego ziarna kawy. System automatycznie blokuje ekspres, jeśli pracownik nie przejdzie 15-minutowego szkolenia z etycznego i inkluzywnego parzenia kawy. 🥒Certyfikowane Algorytmy Etycznego Zginania Ogórków: Oparte na Explainable AI (xAI) algorytmy komputerowego rozpoznawania obrazu, które badają zgodność krzywizny warzyw z normami unijnymi. Zanim algorytm podejmie decyzję, wysyła zapytanie do chmury o pisemną zgodę ogórka na przetwarzanie jego wizerunku. ⚠️Zintegrowana Platforma Kwestionowania Innowacji: Narzędzie typu Open Source, które automatycznie generuje 50-stronicowe raporty ryzyka dla dowolnego nowego pomysłu startupu, zanim ten zdąży w ogóle napisać pierwszą linijkę kodu. Polska nie musi być tutaj opóźniona. W ramach funduszy na cyfryzację i rozbudowę administracji możemy stworzyć coś unikalnego! 🤬 NSN-Bot (Narodowy System Narzekania): Zaawansowany, w pełni suwerenny model językowy wyszkolony wyłącznie na dyskusjach z kolejek do NFZ i komunikatach o opóźnieniach PKP, ewentualnie na naszym wykopie. Jego jedynym zadaniem będzie automatyczne generowanie nieskończonej liczby tez udowadniających, że „nic dobrego z tego nie będzie”. Narzędzie będzie w 100% zgodne z ustawą o języku polskim i Prawem Zamówień Publicznych, a jego uruchomienie nie wywoła żadnych skutków gospodarczych, bo społeczeństwo i tak uzna, że żywy człowiek narzekałby lepiej. Skoro Ameryka i Chiny biorą na siebie ryzyko tworzenia przełomowych technologii, my możemy dumnie i przede wszystkim w świętym spokoju zając się czym innym.

Ci którzy przez osiem lat kradli mówią, że chcą wrócić do władzy. Po co? Po to, żeby znowu kraść. I wyjść z UE, bo wtedy kraść będzie jeszcze łatwiej. Nie uda im się!

AUTOPOLIS Żadne FOXTRON.