To guarantee a rested neurosurgeon is always immediately available at 2am, you are not asking for one extra doctor. You are asking for a whole coverage model where post call relief is structurally guaranteed. That generally takes something like 6 to 8 neurosurgeons per center, not 2 or 3. Scale that expectation across the country and you are quickly talking about a multiple of the current workforce, not a small tweak. That is not achievable by simply expanding residency slots without breaking the training model. A competent neurosurgeon requires years of supervised decision making plus a very large operative experience across a wide breadth of pathology and acuity. You cannot train that safely at low volume hospitals. Training capacity is constrained by case volume, ICU infrastructure, OR teams, and faculty bandwidth. Even if you pushed expansion aggressively, you might squeeze out an extra few dozen new neurosurgeons per year. Helpful but not enough to staff every hospital with guaranteed rest coverage. Extending careers and reducing early burnout could also help at the margin, but it does not meaningfully move the needle. You could also open the doors to every foreign trained neurosurgeon overnight. That would improve headcount, but you still run into the hard part: verifying training quality, ensuring competence across the full emergency spectrum, credentialing, malpractice, and integrating people into systems that can actually support high acuity neurosurgery. And cost matters. If you want more specialists to take more call for longer careers, you have to pay for it and you have to build the supporting teams. Otherwise the same people will keep burning out or leaving for industry and non clinical work. You simply cannot have all three at once: -Near instant local access everywhere -Always rested subspecialists -High quality maintained by adequate volume and experienced teams Pick two, maybe. True neurosurgical emergencies are relatively uncommon but catastrophic when they occur. That forces regionalization. Regionalization concentrates call. Concentrated call produces fatigue unless you have large groups and real relief. Large groups require volume, infrastructure, and money. There are no solutions, only tradeoffs.

@Maker_MD delivers passionate surgical keynote on "Too Many Pancreatic Cysts, Too Few Answers" for us @AdventHealthCFL @drzakoncology