Woman of the Day Elizabeth Garrett Anderson, born OTD in 1836 in Whitechapel. First woman to qualify in Britain as a physician and surgeon, co-founder of the first hospital staffed by women, first woman Dean of a medical school, first woman elected to a school board, first woman Mayor. How did this remarkable woman manage to achieve all of that in her 81 years?
She was inspired by her meeting in 1859 with Bristol-born Elizabeth Blackwell who became the first woman doctor in the US some ten years earlier. The following year, 23 year old Elizabeth confided in her 13 year old sister Millie her friend, Emily Davies, as they were brushing their hair by the fireside at home.
Emily pointed out, “Women can get nowhere unless they are as well educated as men. I shall open the universities.” “Yes,” said Elizabeth, “we need education but we need an income too and we can't earn that without training and a profession. I shall start women in medicine. But what shall we do with Millie?” Emily knew exactly what was needed: “After these things are done, we must see about getting the vote. You are younger than we are, Millie, so you must attend to that."
Elizabeth’s first hurdle was to overcome the opposition of her parents. Her father believed “the whole idea was so disgusting that he could not entertain it for a moment”. That wasn’t uncommon. Victorian beliefs about women’s physical, mental, and emotional natures led to men — well, you know how expert they are on all matters pertaining to women — arguing that menstruation and education were incompatible.
She applied to the medical school at Middlesex Hospital. No women allowed, so she enrolled as a nursing student instead and employed a tutor privately to study anatomy and physiology three evenings a week. When she sat in on some medical classes, male students complained. In fact they raised a petition against her, so she was obliged to leave but did so with an honours certificate in chemistry and materia medica.
Next, Elizabeth tried applying to other medical schools. They turned her down, all of them, so armed with her certificate in anatomy and physiology, she applied to the Society of Apothecaries. Its charter meant it could not legally exclude her on account of her sex and so on 28 September 1865, she sat the exam in the Apothecaries Hall with 51 men. She was one of just three who passed. Top marks too. This meant she could lawfully practise medicine, so how did the SA celebrate this success? It immediately changed its rules to prevent other women from using the same loophole.
Elizabeth couldn’t persuade any hospital to offer her a post despite her excellent academic record so she opened her own practice in London. It took off when cholera broke out and people panicked. Well, even a mere woman was better than nothing. By then, she had opened St Mary's Dispensary for Women and Children, and in the first year, treated 3,000 new patients in 9,300 outpatient visits.
Learning that the Sorbonne was considering admitting women as medical students, Elizabeth studied French until she was fluent and finally obtained her much prized medical degree in 1870, at the age of 40.
In the same year, a letter was published in The Lancet representative of the views of many male medical practitioners, particularly specialists in gynaecology and obstetrics: that women lacked “the coolness and strength of nerves” required of a doctor, and “the constitutional variations of the female system, at the best are uncertain and not to be relied upon”.
Those pesky periods again, sapping our brains.
The British Medical Register refused to recognise Elizabeth’s degree.
Still unable to find a hospital post, Elizabeth did the only sensible thing she could do. In 1871, she opened the New Hospital for Women. It staffed entirely by women and Elizabeth Blackwell came on staff as a professor of gynecology. It was hugely popular and enjoyed an excellent reputation for patient outcomes.
In 1873, she became the first woman to be admitted to the British Medical Association. It immediately voted to bar any other women members and held that position for nearly twenty years.
Ever heard of Patriarchy Chicken? Welcome to Patriarchy Snakes and Ladders.
When one of the Edinburgh Seven, Sophia Jex-Blake, opened the London School of Medicine for Women in 1874, Elizabeth taught there and in a 1877 meeting in support of the school, said that there was "nothing injurious to the health, the morals, or the manners of women in a medical education, and that the results were likely to prove beneficial to the female sex and to the nation". The two women didn’t always see eye to eye but in 1883, Elizabeth was elected as Dean of the LSMW. She continued to lobby strenuously for women to enter the medical profession.
The British Medical Register eventually capitulated in 1877 and agreed to register women as medical practitioners. The BMA capitulated in 1893 because its members “needed no convincing of the justness of her demands…she had already by her professional and public life done this very thoroughly", and overwhelmingly voted in favour.
Six years after she retired in 1902, she became the first woman mayor in Britain, Mayor of Aldeburgh.
Elizabeth Garrett Anderson died in 1917 at 81, having kept her promise to Emily and to her sister, Millie. Millicent Garrett Fawcett.
"Women can less easily afford to be second-rate, their professional work will be more closely scrutinised; mistakes will ruin them more quickly than they will men.”