Pressure does not cause blood flow.
Circulation is still often taught as if pressure is the driver and flow simply follows. It doesn’t.
Pressure gradients are part of the description of a flowing system, not independent causes of flow. They emerge with flow from energy input, resistance, compliance, and dissipation.
In this review, we explain how:
• the heart supplies energy
• pressure reflects system state
• flow depends on delivery, acceptance, and dissipation
doi.org/10.1111/anae.70238