Have you seen how bamboo clumps on fire splutter, split and explode? Baozhu in Chinese — which literally meant ‘exploding bamboo’ was the predecessor of fireworks. According to Chinese legend, on New Year’s Eve, a monster would come to eat villagers and destroy villages. People burnt bamboo to produce an explosive sound to scare it away. Thus, fireworks became a tradition for New Year.
Like many inventions, firecrackers fireworks were created by accident and by search for immortality. Around 200 BC, Chinese unintentionally invented firecrackers by tossing bamboo into fire, but it took another thousand years before true fireworks came alive. As the story goes, around 800 AD, an alchemist mixed sulfur, charcoal, and potassium nitrate (a food preservative) hoping to find the secret to eternal life. Instead, mixture caught on fire and gunpowder was born. When the powder was packed into bamboo or paper tubes and lit on fire, history had its first fireworks.
If you attended a fireworks show in 800 AD, it would be unlike anything we see today. Paper fireworks were used to scare evil spirits or to celebrate weddings and births and were simply thrown onto a fire, not blasted into the air. There were no added colors, so a "fireworks show" was just a series of small, noisy explosions. Chemistry was an accidental discovery and there was still a long way to go.
Unsurprisingly, it wasn't long before military adopted gunpowder. By 1200, China had built first rocket cannons, using gunpowder to aim and blast projectiles at their enemies. Off battle field, however, this technology led to something beautiful: first aerial fireworks.
Gunpowder traveled west when European and Arabian diplomats and missionaries began visiting China around this time. Like their Chinese counterparts, Western engineers also developed weapons, this time, muskets and cannons but continued to develop fireworks, and they became larger and more elaborate.
If you attended a fireworks show in 1600, science would not have been much different from ancient China, but it was a lot more entertaining. Now used for military victories, religious events, or royal celebrations, aerial fireworks (still plain orange no color yet) were run by "firemasters" and their assistants, "green men". Before the show, green men, named for leaves they wore to protect themselves from sparks, would tell jokes to crowd while they prepared celebration. Being a green man, however, was a highly dangerous position, and many were injured or killed when their fireworks malfunctioned.
When English royals weren't competing with Europe for best fireworks display (King James II's firemaster was actually awarded knighthood for his impressive work), they were introducing fireworks to their 13 colonies across the Atlantic. If you've ever wondered why we celebrate Independence Day with these colorful explosions, you can thank the British and John Adams. On July 2, 1776, two days before the Declaration of Independence was signed, he wrote this letter to his wife:
"This day will be most memorable in the history of America," he predicted. "I am apt to believe that it will be celebrated by succeeding generations as the great anniversary festival... It ought to be solemnized with pomp and parade... bonfires and illuminations [fireworks]... from one end of this content to the other, from this time forward forevermore."
...and so it was. On July 4, 1777, the first anniversary of America's country-hood, there were indeed fireworks, and there would be for more than 200 years to follow.
Of course, if you had been there for America's anniversary, you still would not have seen colored fireworks. Explosions like those we see today would not be created for another 60 years when Italian inventors added in metals like strontium or barium. At long last, in 1830s, our modern fireworks were born, and celebrations took on an entirely new light.
Fengfanying Palza-Fanying Park, Wenzhou Zhejiang - China 🇨🇳
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