ALT Typical geological settings of intermediate-temperature to high-temperature geothermal systems. Conceptual models of high-temperature geothermal systems with characteristic fluid chemistry in magmatic and non-magmatic environments. In volcanic andesitic arcs (i), the emplacement of intrusion(s) drives convection of surrounding groundwater. The high topographic relief of arc volcanoes results in lateral transport (outflow) of hot fluid. Magmatic degassing at the apex of the shallow magmatic intrusion generates acid-sulfate alteration associated with acid fluids. In magmatic rift environments (ii), active magmatism occurs at depth because of shallow mantle decompression. The extensional setting, accommodated by numerous normal faults, enhances the deep penetration of groundwater into the crust. In amagmatic extensional environments (iii), continental-scale extension leads to the thinning of the crust and elevated heat fluxes.
ALT Schematic cross sections of geological locations where geothermal fluids can be extracted (magmatic arcs, rifts and extensional basins).
ALT Cartoons of geological cross-sections through different hypothetical geothermal resources (an arc volcano, a magmatic rift and an extensional basin)
