1868. London, England.
Henrietta Vansittart was a Victorian naval engineer who designed an improved screw propeller for steamships at a time when women were not expected to enter engineering at all. Her blades helped ships move faster, burn less fuel, and shake less in the water. She was known in her own lifetime, then nearly removed from the story afterward.
She was born Henrietta Lowe in Ewell, Surrey, in 1833. Her father, James Lowe, was a blacksmith, machinist, and inventor who had patented a screw propeller design in 1838. His work brought technical attention but little security. Patent disputes and business losses left the family with more claims than money.
The workshop was her school.
In 1855, Henrietta married Frederick Vansittart, a lieutenant in the 14th Regiment of Light Dragoons, at the British Embassy in Paris. Two years later, she was aboard HMS Bullfinch when one of her father's propellers was tested. She watched the sea take the force of the screw. She watched the engine turn motion into proof.
Her father died in 1866 after being struck by a wagon on Blackfriars Road in London.
After his death, Vansittart continued the experiments. She did not have a university, a shipyard position, or formal engineering training. What she had was her father's work, her own models, and a command of the problem. The propeller had to grip water, reduce slip, reverse well, and avoid shaking the ship apart.
On September 18, 1868, she was granted British Patent No 2877.
Her design became known as the Lowe Vansittart propeller. It used curved blades shaped to improve thrust and reduce vibration. She also received United States Patent No 89,712 on May 4, 1869, for an improved method of constructing screw propellers. The work belonged to mechanics: blade, shaft, water, drag, pressure, rotation.
In 1869, the Admiralty trialled her propeller on HMS Druid.
The trial was successful. Reports described better speed, less vibration, and reduced fuel use compared with other propellers. Later accounts say the design was fitted to many naval vessels and some merchant ships, including SS Scandinavian. The machine moved through water with her name attached to it, for a while.
She carried models, papers, and evidence into rooms built for men.
In 1871, her propeller won a first class diploma at the Kensington Exhibition. More awards followed at exhibitions in Dublin, Paris, Belgium, Sydney, Melbourne, and Adelaide. In 1876, she presented a paper on screw propellers to the Association of Foremen Engineers and Draughtsmen, using her own diagrams and technical explanations.
She had to prove the machine and the right to speak about it.
In 1882, she published a pamphlet on the history of the Lowe Vansittart propeller and her father's work. The front image showed her holding a small propeller model beside a model ship. It was a controlled portrait, careful and public. Her hand held the invention, but the title still leaned toward the father whose name made her acceptable.
In September 1882, she travelled to Tynemouth for the North East Coast Exhibition of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering.
There, she was found in a confused state and committed to Tyne City Asylum at Coxlodge, Gosforth. She died on February 8, 1883. Her patent protection had ended when required fees were not paid. She was forty nine or fifty, depending on the record used.
A wooden model of her propeller remains in the Science Museum collection.
The Lowe Vansittart propeller became part of nineteenth century naval engineering and was recognised in trials, exhibitions, and ships at sea.
She made the screw bite water cleanly, and history let the wake close over her name.