Lieutenant-Colonel Percy Harrison Fawcett was a prominent British geographer, artillery officer, cartographer, and archaeologist who vanished in 1925 alongside his eldest son, Jack, and his son's friend, Raleigh Rimmel, while searching for a legendary ancient civilisation he named the "Lost City of Z" deep within the uncharted Amazon rainforest. His life, exploits, and mysterious disappearance have made him one of history's most iconic figures of exploration, inspiring everything from Arthur Conan Doyle's novel The Lost World to the modern character of Indiana Jones.
Born on 18 August 1867 in Torquay, Devon, Fawcett grew up with a natural inclination for adventure—his father was a member of the Royal Geographical Society (RGS).
He entered the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, and was commissioned into the Royal Artillery in 1886. He served across the British Empire in Hong Kong, Malta, and Ceylon (now Sri Lanka). Before fully committing to exploration, Fawcett worked for the British Secret Service as a spy in North Africa.
During WWI, despite being nearly 50 years old, he volunteered for the Western Front, commanding an artillery brigade in Flanders. He was mentioned in despatches three times and awarded the Distinguished Service Order (DSO).
Between 1906 and 1924, Fawcett led seven successful expeditions into South America, initially funded by the Royal Geographical Society. His early trips focused on highly dangerous surveying work, mapping the treacherous jungle borders between Bolivia, Brazil, and Peru. Fawcett gained legendary status for his physical stamina, resistance to tropical diseases, and his strict rule of maintaining respectful, peaceful relations with indigenous tribes.
Over time, his focus shifted from mapmaking to archaeology. Influenced by indigenous legends, Portuguese archival documents from 1753, and the discovery of Machu Picchu, Fawcett became convinced that an advanced urban civilization lay hidden in the Mato Grosso region of Brazil.
In April 1925, funded by media syndicates, Fawcett set out from Cuiabá on his final quest. Believing a small group could travel lighter and avoid triggering hostility from native tribes, he took only two companions: his 22-year-old son Jack and Jack's best friend Raleigh Rimmel.
On 29 May 1925, Fawcett sent a native runner back with a letter to his wife, Nina, from a location he called "Dead Horse Camp". He reported crossing the Upper Xingu River and closed with the famous optimistic line: "You need have no fear of any failure”. They were never seen again.
Fawcett explicitly left instructions that no rescue missions should be sent if they vanished, fearing rescuers would suffer a similar fate. Despite this, over the decades, dozens of search parties set out to find him, resulting in the tragic deaths or disappearances of an estimated 100 further explorers.
The exact cause of his death remains unknown, with theories ranging from starvation and disease to being killed by hostile indigenous tribes like the Kalapalo or the Anuhukua.
Ironically, while Fawcett’s contemporary critics mocked his belief in complex jungle cities, modern satellite imagery and other technology have recently revealed that extensive, highly organised pre-Columbian urban settlements and earthworks did exist in the Amazon basin.
Did Fawcett ever make it to the “The Lost City of Z”? Did it ever truly exist? Maybe someday these questions will be answered, until then the legend of Percy Fawcett will live on through written and oral history of which he has earned his place.