What if the state isn’t a necessary evil… but simply unnecessary?
In the early 1970s Murray Rothbard gave the clearest answer yet. He fused Austrian economics (Mises’ praxeology and Hayek’s spontaneous order), Lockean natural rights and the radical American individualist anarchism of Lysander Spooner and Benjamin Tucker into the first fully articulated theory of a stateless society: anarcho-capitalism.
In his landmark books For a New Liberty (1973) and The Ethics of Liberty (1982), Rothbard proved that every legitimate function of government - protection of person and property, dispute resolution, and even national defence - can be supplied more efficiently and ethically by competing private firms in a free market.
All interactions would rest on one simple rule: the non-aggression principle - no one may initiate force against another person or their justly acquired property. Courts, police and defence agencies would operate on voluntary contracts and reputation, just like every other industry.
Rothbard showed the state is not a necessary evil but a monopoly of coercion that necessarily violates rights and distorts the market. A truly free society is not chaos - it is the highest expression of civilisation, where individuals retain full self-ownership and interact solely through consent.
Anarcho-capitalism is the most consistent and uncompromising conclusion of the classical liberal tradition: if individual liberty and private property are truly inviolable, the state has no moral or economic justification for existing.