ALT Series of four black-and-white experimental images showing the growth and shape changes of sea ice in a lab tank. Each panel has a dashed blue line tracing the ice edge. Over time, the ice becomes denser and more compact, illustrating how young, porous ice gradually transforms into a thicker, tougher layer.

ALT A cartoon schematic depicts two pill shaped chromosomes with length L and height D: an ori-ter ordered chromosome as observed in Caulobacter crescentus (top) and a left-ori-right ordered chromosome as observed in slowly growing E. coli (bottom). The C. crescentus chromosome contains one big loop of squiggly lines colored green, black, and orange with three gray, pin-like structures — loop-extruding condensins — “cinching” the loop at specific locations. On the left edge of the loop is a pink circle attached to a red coil, depicting an anchor to the cell wall. The E. coli chromosome contains a more tangled loop of green, black, and orange lines, with the latter two lines forming smaller loops with six loop-extruding condensins.

ALT A schematic showing the evolution of rupture for a simulation of cancer cells in a microchannel 50 micrometers wide. Side-by-side, vertical images show the microchannel at four times. Below the channel in each image is a pool of “follower” cells — green polygons with red and blue arrows pointing in different directions. Directly above the green polygons, at the bottom of the channel, are “guided” cells — yellow polygons that contain longer red and blue arrows. Sparse purple polygons, or “leader” cells, are located at the top of the guided cells. From left to right, follower cells decrease while guided cells increase, move up the channel, and break apart. The rightmost image, at the last timestamp, shows the guided cells broken up into two clumps, with leader cells at the top of both clumps.