This is factually incorrect. In practice, rewards don’t come from card networks being generous. They’re funded in three main ways:
> Merchants fund a large part of rewards
Many rewards are effectively merchant-paid. Merchants agree to higher fees or marketing programs to boost sales, visibility, or conversion. When I was at Amex, we used to run these programs where, merchants routinely paid to run offers and reward boosts because cards drive demand.
> Consumer leakage pays for power users
A lot of cardholders don’t optimize:
- they pay annual fees
- they revolve balances and pay interest
- they don’t redeem points efficiently
That money subsidizes the rewards for people who use cards “well.” If everyone maximized rewards, the system wouldn’t work.
> Interchange is recycled to lock in the network: Visa, Mastercard, etc collect interchange and then give parts of it back as incentives to issuers and acquirers to onboard users and merchants. This isn’t neutral alignment, it’s strategic redistribution to keep the network dominant.
Cards are an incredible network effect, but not because incentives are fairly aligned.
They work because merchants have the least bargaining power, consumers are financially inefficient, banks monetize credit and float, and networks sit in the middle at near-zero marginal cost.