Software is where any early AI signal should first appear in UK data.
ONS data shows computer programming employment grew 18% between 2019 and 2025, three times the economy-wide rate.
Real GVA [of software?] grew 35% in the same period. GVA per worker rose 16%, against about 0.4% across the whole economy.
But both employment and output in software fell in the second half of 2025, coinciding with the wider release of AI coding tools.
It’s too early to tell what is causing what here, but we know software was already growing before ChatGPT.
Since then, productivity in software has accelerated to roughly 3.8% a year, close to five times the pre-ChatGPT pace, and well ahead of the rest of the economy.
Within software, the composition has also shifted: cybersecurity and business analyst roles have outpaced programmers since 2023, consistent with AI pushing work toward design, analysis, and security rather than direct coding.
Crane and Soto, two economists at the Federal Reserve Board, find that US coder employment is three percentage points per year below trend since the release of ChatGPT.
It would be the cleanest formal evidence of AI displacing jobs in a specific occupation.
We cannot replicate this finding for the UK.
The pre-ChatGPT window is too short, because the UK occupational classification changed in 2021, and the same deceleration shows up in occupations with no AI exposure at all.
In other words, it looks like the main driver here is pandemic recovery, rather than AI displacement.