PCC is now a top-tier Latin American criminal power, comparable in strategic importance to the major Mexican and Colombian organizations, though with a different model: prison governance plus global cocaine logistics.
Comando Vermelho is a major regional armed-criminal power, dominant in parts of Rio and expanding through Amazonian and South American routes.
Together, they represent Brazil’s version of the cartel-state challenge: not simply crime, but criminal governance with transnational reach.
There is no official map saying “PCC controls X square kilometers” or “CV controls Y square kilometers.” That is not how these groups operate. Their control is nodal and networked: prisons, ports, favelas, trafficking corridors, border towns, river routes, logistics hubs, retail drug markets, and corrupt state interfaces.
PCC is Brazil’s most internationally connected criminal organization, with roughly 40,000 members and at least 2,000 operating across 28 countries. Its international expansion is tied to cocaine logistics, alliances with the Italian ’Ndrangheta and Balkan criminal groups, and routes into Europe, Africa, and Asia.
Comando Vermelho remains deeply territorial in Rio de Janeiro, where it has exercised control in favelas for decades. Americas Quarterly describes CV as Brazil’s oldest major criminal faction, with long-standing territorial control in Rio’s favelas. El País reported that CV has about 30,000 members and that it has expanded in the last decade through alliances with regional groups and has reconquered neighborhoods in Rio through violence since 2022.
The CV governs territory in the classic criminal insurgency sense with armed presence, checkpoints/barricades, retail drug markets, informal rules, intimidation, services, transport control, extortion, and violent exclusion of state authority. A 2025 Small Wars Journal analysis even noted CV’s development of a ride-sharing app as evidence of how it is integrating digital tools into illicit economies and territorial control in Rio.